QString Class | Qt Core 6.4.3

- Qt 6.4
- Qt Core
- C++ Classes
- QString
- Qt 6.4.3 Reference Documentation

# QString Class

The QString class provides a Unicode character string. More...

Header: | #include <QString>
CMake: | find_package(Qt6 REQUIRED COMPONENTS Core) target_link_libraries(mytarget PRIVATE Qt6::Core)
qmake: | QT += core

- List of all members, including inherited members
- Deprecated members

Note: All functions in this class are reentrant.

## Public Types

| ConstIterator
| Iterator
enum | NormalizationForm { NormalizationForm_D, NormalizationForm_C, NormalizationForm_KD, NormalizationForm_KC }
enum | SectionFlag { SectionDefault, SectionSkipEmpty, SectionIncludeLeadingSep, SectionIncludeTrailingSep, SectionCaseInsensitiveSeps }
flags | SectionFlags
| const_iterator
| const_pointer
| const_reference
| const_reverse_iterator
| difference_type
| iterator
| pointer
| reference
| reverse_iterator
| size_type
| value_type

## Public Functions

| QString(const QByteArray &ba)
| QString(const char *str)
| QString(QString &&other)
| QString(const QString &other)
| QString(const char8_t *str)
| QString(QLatin1StringView str)
| QString(qsizetype size, QChar ch)
| QString(QChar ch)
| QString(const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size = -1)
| QString()
QString & | operator=(const QByteArray &ba)
QString & | operator=(QString &&other)
QString & | operator=(const QString &other)
| ~QString()
QString & | append(const QString &str)
QString & | append(QChar ch)
QString & | append(const QChar *str, qsizetype len)
QString & | append(QStringView v)
QString & | append(QLatin1StringView str)
QString & | append(const char *str)
QString & | append(const QByteArray &ba)
QString | arg(const QString &a, int fieldWidth = 0, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(qlonglong a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(qulonglong a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(long a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(ulong a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(int a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(uint a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(short a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(ushort a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(double a, int fieldWidth = 0, char format = 'g', int precision = -1, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(char a, int fieldWidth = 0, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(QChar a, int fieldWidth = 0, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(QStringView a, int fieldWidth = 0, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(QLatin1StringView a, int fieldWidth = 0, QChar fillChar = u' ') const
QString | arg(Args &&... args) const
const QChar | at(qsizetype position) const
QChar | back() const
QChar & | back()
iterator | begin()
const_iterator | begin() const
qsizetype | capacity() const
const_iterator | cbegin() const
const_iterator | cend() const
void | chop(qsizetype n)
QString | chopped(qsizetype len) const
void | clear()
int | compare(const QString &other, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
int | compare(QLatin1StringView other, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
int | compare(QStringView s, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
int | compare(QChar ch, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
const_iterator | constBegin() const
const QChar * | constData() const
const_iterator | constEnd() const
bool | contains(const QString &str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
bool | contains(QChar ch, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
bool | contains(QLatin1StringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
bool | contains(QStringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
bool | contains(const QRegularExpression &re, QRegularExpressionMatch *rmatch = nullptr) const
qsizetype | count(const QString &str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | count(QChar ch, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | count(QStringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | count(const QRegularExpression &re) const
const_reverse_iterator | crbegin() const
const_reverse_iterator | crend() const
QChar * | data()
const QChar * | data() const
iterator | end()
const_iterator | end() const
bool | endsWith(const QString &s, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
bool | endsWith(QStringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
bool | endsWith(QLatin1StringView s, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
bool | endsWith(QChar c, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
iterator | erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last)
QString & | fill(QChar ch, qsizetype size = -1)
QString | first(qsizetype n) const
QChar | front() const
QChar & | front()
qsizetype | indexOf(QLatin1StringView str, qsizetype from = 0, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | indexOf(QChar ch, qsizetype from = 0, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | indexOf(const QString &str, qsizetype from = 0, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | indexOf(QStringView str, qsizetype from = 0, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | indexOf(const QRegularExpression &re, qsizetype from = 0, QRegularExpressionMatch *rmatch = nullptr) const
QString & | insert(qsizetype position, const QString &str)
QString & | insert(qsizetype position, QChar ch)
QString & | insert(qsizetype position, const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size)
QString & | insert(qsizetype position, QStringView str)
QString & | insert(qsizetype position, QLatin1StringView str)
QString & | insert(qsizetype position, const char *str)
QString & | insert(qsizetype position, const QByteArray &str)
bool | isEmpty() const
bool | isLower() const
bool | isNull() const
bool | isRightToLeft() const
bool | isUpper() const
bool | isValidUtf16() const
QString | last(qsizetype n) const
qsizetype | lastIndexOf(const QString &str, qsizetype from, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | lastIndexOf(QChar ch, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | lastIndexOf(QChar ch, qsizetype from, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | lastIndexOf(QLatin1StringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | lastIndexOf(QLatin1StringView str, qsizetype from, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | lastIndexOf(const QString &str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | lastIndexOf(QStringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | lastIndexOf(QStringView str, qsizetype from, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
qsizetype | lastIndexOf(const QRegularExpression &re, QRegularExpressionMatch *rmatch = nullptr) const
qsizetype | lastIndexOf(const QRegularExpression &re, qsizetype from, QRegularExpressionMatch *rmatch = nullptr) const
QString | left(qsizetype n) const
QString | leftJustified(qsizetype width, QChar fill = u' ', bool truncate = false) const
qsizetype | length() const
int | localeAwareCompare(const QString &other) const
int | localeAwareCompare(QStringView other) const
QString | mid(qsizetype position, qsizetype n = -1) const
QString | normalized(NormalizationForm mode, QChar::UnicodeVersion version = QChar::Unicode_Unassigned) const
QString & | prepend(const QString &str)
QString & | prepend(QChar ch)
QString & | prepend(const QChar *str, qsizetype len)
QString & | prepend(QStringView str)
QString & | prepend(QLatin1StringView str)
QString & | prepend(const char *str)
QString & | prepend(const QByteArray &ba)
void | push_back(const QString &other)
void | push_back(QChar ch)
void | push_front(const QString &other)
void | push_front(QChar ch)
reverse_iterator | rbegin()
const_reverse_iterator | rbegin() const
QString & | remove(qsizetype position, qsizetype n)
QString & | remove(QChar ch, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString & | remove(QLatin1StringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString & | remove(const QString &str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString & | remove(const QRegularExpression &re)
QString & | removeIf(Predicate pred)
reverse_iterator | rend()
const_reverse_iterator | rend() const
QString | repeated(qsizetype times) const
QString & | replace(qsizetype position, qsizetype n, const QString &after)
QString & | replace(qsizetype position, qsizetype n, QChar after)
QString & | replace(qsizetype position, qsizetype n, const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size)
QString & | replace(QChar before, QChar after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString & | replace(const QChar *before, qsizetype blen, const QChar *after, qsizetype alen, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString & | replace(QLatin1StringView before, QLatin1StringView after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString & | replace(QLatin1StringView before, const QString &after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString & | replace(const QString &before, QLatin1StringView after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString & | replace(const QString &before, const QString &after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString & | replace(QChar ch, const QString &after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString & | replace(QChar c, QLatin1StringView after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString & | replace(const QRegularExpression &re, const QString &after)
void | reserve(qsizetype size)
void | resize(qsizetype size)
void | resize(qsizetype newSize, QChar fillChar)
QString | right(qsizetype n) const
QString | rightJustified(qsizetype width, QChar fill = u' ', bool truncate = false) const
QString | section(QChar sep, qsizetype start, qsizetype end = -1, SectionFlags flags = SectionDefault) const
QString | section(const QString &sep, qsizetype start, qsizetype end = -1, SectionFlags flags = SectionDefault) const
QString | section(const QRegularExpression &re, qsizetype start, qsizetype end = -1, SectionFlags flags = SectionDefault) const
QString & | setNum(int n, int base = 10)
QString & | setNum(short n, int base = 10)
QString & | setNum(ushort n, int base = 10)
QString & | setNum(uint n, int base = 10)
QString & | setNum(long n, int base = 10)
QString & | setNum(ulong n, int base = 10)
QString & | setNum(qlonglong n, int base = 10)
QString & | setNum(qulonglong n, int base = 10)
QString & | setNum(float n, char format = 'g', int precision = 6)
QString & | setNum(double n, char format = 'g', int precision = 6)
QString & | setRawData(const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size)
QString & | setUnicode(const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size)
QString & | setUtf16(const ushort *unicode, qsizetype size)
void | shrink_to_fit()
QString | simplified() const
qsizetype | size() const
QString | sliced(qsizetype pos, qsizetype n) const
QString | sliced(qsizetype pos) const
QStringList | split(const QString &sep, Qt::SplitBehavior behavior = Qt::KeepEmptyParts, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
QStringList | split(QChar sep, Qt::SplitBehavior behavior = Qt::KeepEmptyParts, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
QStringList | split(const QRegularExpression &re, Qt::SplitBehavior behavior = Qt::KeepEmptyParts) const
void | squeeze()
bool | startsWith(const QString &s, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
bool | startsWith(QStringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
bool | startsWith(QLatin1StringView s, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
bool | startsWith(QChar c, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const
void | swap(QString &other)
CFStringRef | toCFString() const
QString | toCaseFolded() const
double | toDouble(bool *ok = nullptr) const
float | toFloat(bool *ok = nullptr) const
QString | toHtmlEscaped() const
int | toInt(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const
QByteArray | toLatin1() const
QByteArray | toLocal8Bit() const
long | toLong(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const
qlonglong | toLongLong(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const
QString | toLower() const
NSString * | toNSString() const
short | toShort(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const
std::string | toStdString() const
std::u16string | toStdU16String() const
std::u32string | toStdU32String() const
std::wstring | toStdWString() const
uint | toUInt(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const
ulong | toULong(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const
qulonglong | toULongLong(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const
ushort | toUShort(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const
QList<uint> | toUcs4() const
QString | toUpper() const
QByteArray | toUtf8() const
qsizetype | toWCharArray(wchar_t *array) const
decltype(qTokenize(*this, std::forward<Needle>(needle), flags...)) | tokenize(Needle &&sep, Flags... flags) const &
decltype(qTokenize(std::move(*this), std::forward<Needle>(needle), flags...)) | tokenize(Needle &&sep, Flags... flags) const &&
decltype(qTokenize(std::move(*this), std::forward<Needle>(needle), flags...)) | tokenize(Needle &&sep, Flags... flags) &&
QString | trimmed() const
void | truncate(qsizetype position)
const QChar * | unicode() const
const ushort * | utf16() const
bool | operator!=(const char *other) const
bool | operator!=(const QByteArray &other) const
QString & | operator+=(const QString &other)
QString & | operator+=(QChar ch)
QString & | operator+=(QStringView str)
QString & | operator+=(QLatin1StringView str)
QString & | operator+=(const char *str)
QString & | operator+=(const QByteArray &ba)
bool | operator<(const char *other) const
bool | operator<(const QByteArray &other) const
bool | operator<=(const char *other) const
bool | operator<=(const QByteArray &other) const
QString & | operator=(QChar ch)
QString & | operator=(QLatin1StringView str)
QString & | operator=(const char *str)
bool | operator==(const char *other) const
bool | operator==(const QByteArray &other) const
bool | operator>(const char *other) const
bool | operator>(const QByteArray &other) const
bool | operator>=(const char *other) const
bool | operator>=(const QByteArray &other) const
QChar & | operator[](qsizetype position)
const QChar | operator[](qsizetype position) const

## Static Public Members

QString | asprintf(const char *cformat, ...)
int | compare(const QString &s1, const QString &s2, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
int | compare(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
int | compare(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
int | compare(const QString &s1, QStringView s2, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
int | compare(QStringView s1, const QString &s2, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)
QString | fromCFString(CFStringRef string)
QString | fromLatin1(const char *str, qsizetype size)
QString | fromLatin1(QByteArrayView str)
QString | fromLatin1(const QByteArray &str)
QString | fromLocal8Bit(const char *str, qsizetype size)
QString | fromLocal8Bit(QByteArrayView str)
QString | fromLocal8Bit(const QByteArray &str)
QString | fromNSString(const NSString *string)
QString | fromRawData(const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size)
QString | fromStdString(const std::string &str)
QString | fromStdU16String(const std::u16string &str)
QString | fromStdU32String(const std::u32string &str)
QString | fromStdWString(const std::wstring &str)
QString | fromUcs4(const char32_t *unicode, qsizetype size = -1)
QString | fromUtf8(const char *str, qsizetype size)
QString | fromUtf8(QByteArrayView str)
QString | fromUtf8(const QByteArray &str)
QString | fromUtf8(const char8_t *str)
QString | fromUtf8(const char8_t *str, qsizetype size)
QString | fromUtf16(const char16_t *unicode, qsizetype size = -1)
QString | fromWCharArray(const wchar_t *string, qsizetype size = -1)
int | localeAwareCompare(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)
int | localeAwareCompare(QStringView s1, QStringView s2)
QString | number(long n, int base = 10)
QString | number(int n, int base = 10)
QString | number(uint n, int base = 10)
QString | number(ulong n, int base = 10)
QString | number(qlonglong n, int base = 10)
QString | number(qulonglong n, int base = 10)
QString | number(double n, char format = 'g', int precision = 6)
QString | vasprintf(const char *cformat, va_list ap)

## Related Non-Members

qsizetype | erase(QString &s, const T &t)
qsizetype | erase_if(QString &s, Predicate pred)
bool | operator!=(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator!=(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)
bool | operator!=(const char *s1, const QString &s2)
QString | operator""_s(const char16_t *str, size_t size)
const QString | operator+(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)
const QString | operator+(const QString &s1, const char *s2)
const QString | operator+(const char *s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator<(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator<(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)
bool | operator<(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator<(const char *s1, const QString &s2)
QDataStream & | operator<<(QDataStream &stream, const QString &string)
bool | operator<=(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator<=(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)
bool | operator<=(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator<=(const char *s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator==(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator==(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)
bool | operator==(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator==(const char *s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator>(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator>(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)
bool | operator>(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator>(const char *s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator>=(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator>=(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)
bool | operator>=(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2)
bool | operator>=(const char *s1, const QString &s2)
QDataStream & | operator>>(QDataStream &stream, QString &string)

## Macros

| QStringLiteral(str)
| QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII
| QT_NO_CAST_TO_ASCII
| QT_RESTRICTED_CAST_FROM_ASCII

## Detailed Description

QString stores a string of 16-bit QChars, where each QChar corresponds to one UTF-16 code unit. (Unicode characters with code values above 65535 are stored using surrogate pairs, i.e., two consecutive QChars.)

Unicode is an international standard that supports most of the writing systems in use today. It is a superset of US-ASCII (ANSI X3.4-1986) and Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1), and all the US-ASCII/Latin-1 characters are available at the same code positions.

Behind the scenes, QString uses implicit sharing (copy-on-write) to reduce memory usage and to avoid the needless copying of data. This also helps reduce the inherent overhead of storing 16-bit characters instead of 8-bit characters.

In addition to QString, Qt also provides the QByteArray class to store raw bytes and traditional 8-bit '\0'-terminated strings. For most purposes, QString is the class you want to use. It is used throughout the Qt API, and the Unicode support ensures that your applications will be easy to translate if you want to expand your application's market at some point. The two main cases where QByteArray is appropriate are when you need to store raw binary data, and when memory conservation is critical (like in embedded systems).

### Initializing a String

One way to initialize a QString is simply to pass a `const char *` to its constructor. For example, the following code creates a QString of size 5 containing the data "Hello":

     QString str = "Hello";

QString converts the `const char *` data into Unicode using the fromUtf8() function.

In all of the QString functions that take `const char *` parameters, the `const char *` is interpreted as a classic C-style '\0'-terminated string encoded in UTF-8. It is legal for the `const char *` parameter to be `nullptr`.

You can also provide string data as an array of QChars:

     static const QChar data[4] = { 0x0055, 0x006e, 0x10e3, 0x03a3 };
     QString str(data, 4);

QString makes a deep copy of the QChar data, so you can modify it later without experiencing side effects. (If for performance reasons you don't want to take a deep copy of the character data, use QString::fromRawData() instead.)

Another approach is to set the size of the string using resize() and to initialize the data character per character. QString uses 0-based indexes, just like C++ arrays. To access the character at a particular index position, you can use operator[](). On non-`const` strings, operator[]() returns a reference to a character that can be used on the left side of an assignment. For example:

     QString str;
     str.resize(4);

     str[0] = QChar('U');
     str[1] = QChar('n');
     str[2] = QChar(0x10e3);
     str[3] = QChar(0x03a3);

For read-only access, an alternative syntax is to use the at() function:

     QString str;

     for (qsizetype i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i) {
         if (str.at(i) >= QChar('a') && str.at(i) <= QChar('f'))
             qDebug() << "Found character in range [a-f]";
     }

The at() function can be faster than operator[](), because it never causes a deep copy to occur. Alternatively, use the first(), last(), or sliced() functions to extract several characters at a time.

A QString can embed '\0' characters (QChar::Null). The size() function always returns the size of the whole string, including embedded '\0' characters.

After a call to the resize() function, newly allocated characters have undefined values. To set all the characters in the string to a particular value, use the fill() function.

QString provides dozens of overloads designed to simplify string usage. For example, if you want to compare a QString with a string literal, you can write code like this and it will work as expected:

     QString str;

     if (str == "auto" || str == "extern"
             || str == "static" || str == "register") {
         // ...
     }

You can also pass string literals to functions that take QStrings as arguments, invoking the QString(const char *) constructor. Similarly, you can pass a QString to a function that takes a `const char *` argument using the qPrintable() macro which returns the given QString as a `const char *`. This is equivalent to calling <QString>.toLocal8Bit().constData().

### Manipulating String Data

QString provides the following basic functions for modifying the character data: append(), prepend(), insert(), replace(), and remove(). For example:

     QString str = "and";
     str.prepend("rock ");     // str == "rock and"
     str.append(" roll");        // str == "rock and roll"
     str.replace(5, 3, "&");   // str == "rock & roll"

In the above example the replace() function's first two arguments are the position from which to start replacing and the number of characters that should be replaced.

When data-modifying functions increase the size of the string, they may lead to reallocation of memory for the QString object. When this happens, QString expands by more than it immediately needs so as to have space for further expansion without reallocation until the size of the string has greatly increased.

The insert(), remove() and, when replacing a sub-string with one of different size, replace() functions can be slow (linear time) for large strings, because they require moving many characters in the string by at least one position in memory.

If you are building a QString gradually and know in advance approximately how many characters the QString will contain, you can call reserve(), asking QString to preallocate a certain amount of memory. You can also call capacity() to find out how much memory the QString actually has allocated.

QString provides STL-style iterators (QString::const_iterator and QString::iterator). In practice, iterators are handy when working with generic algorithms provided by the C++ standard library.

Note: Iterators over a QString, and references to individual characters within one, cannot be relied on to remain valid when any non-`const` method of the QString is called. Accessing such an iterator or reference after the call to a non-`const` method leads to undefined behavior. When stability for iterator-like functionality is required, you should use indexes instead of iterators as they are not tied to QString's internal state and thus do not get invalidated.

Note: Due to implicit sharing, the first non-`const` operator or function used on a given QString may cause it to, internally, perform a deep copy of its data. This invalidates all iterators over the string and references to individual characters within it. After the first non-`const` operator, operations that modify QString may completely (in case of reallocation) or partially invalidate iterators and references, but other methods (such as begin() or end()) will not. Accessing an iterator or reference after it has been invalidated leads to undefined behavior.

A frequent requirement is to remove whitespace characters from a string ('\n', '\t', ' ', etc.). If you want to remove whitespace from both ends of a QString, use the trimmed() function. If you want to remove whitespace from both ends and replace multiple consecutive whitespaces with a single space character within the string, use simplified().

If you want to find all occurrences of a particular character or substring in a QString, use the indexOf() or lastIndexOf() functions. The former searches forward starting from a given index position, the latter searches backward. Both return the index position of the character or substring if they find it; otherwise, they return -1. For example, here is a typical loop that finds all occurrences of a particular substring:

     QString str = "We must be <b>bold</b>, very <b>bold</b>";
     qsizetype j = 0;

     while ((j = str.indexOf("<b>", j)) != -1) {
         qDebug() << "Found <b> tag at index position" << j;
         ++j;
     }

QString provides many functions for converting numbers into strings and strings into numbers. See the arg() functions, the setNum() functions, the number() static functions, and the toInt(), toDouble(), and similar functions.

To get an upper- or lowercase version of a string use toUpper() or toLower().

Lists of strings are handled by the QStringList class. You can split a string into a list of strings using the split() function, and join a list of strings into a single string with an optional separator using QStringList::join(). You can obtain a list of strings from a string list that contain a particular substring or that match a particular QRegularExpression using the QStringList::filter() function.

### Querying String Data

If you want to see if a QString starts or ends with a particular substring use startsWith() or endsWith(). If you simply want to check whether a QString contains a particular character or substring, use the contains() function. If you want to find out how many times a particular character or substring occurs in the string, use count().

To obtain a pointer to the actual character data, call data() or constData(). These functions return a pointer to the beginning of the QChar data. The pointer is guaranteed to remain valid until a non-`const` function is called on the QString.

#### Comparing Strings

QStrings can be compared using overloaded operators such as operator<(), operator<=(), operator==(), operator>=(), and so on. Note that the comparison is based exclusively on the numeric Unicode values of the characters. It is very fast, but is not what a human would expect; the QString::localeAwareCompare() function is usually a better choice for sorting user-interface strings, when such a comparison is available.

On Unix-like platforms (including Linux, macOS and iOS), when Qt is linked with the ICU library (which it usually is), its locale-aware sorting is used. Otherwise, on macOS and iOS, localeAwareCompare() compares according the "Order for sorted lists" setting in the International preferences panel. On other Unix-like systems without ICU, the comparison falls back to the system library's `strcoll()`,

### Converting Between Encoded Strings Data and QString

QString provides the following three functions that return a `const char *` version of the string as QByteArray: toUtf8(), toLatin1(), and toLocal8Bit().

- toLatin1() returns a Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) encoded 8-bit string.
- toUtf8() returns a UTF-8 encoded 8-bit string. UTF-8 is a superset of US-ASCII (ANSI X3.4-1986) that supports the entire Unicode character set through multibyte sequences.
- toLocal8Bit() returns an 8-bit string using the system's local encoding. This is the same as toUtf8() on Unix systems.

To convert from one of these encodings, QString provides fromLatin1(), fromUtf8(), and fromLocal8Bit(). Other encodings are supported through the QStringEncoder and QStringDecoder classes.

As mentioned above, QString provides a lot of functions and operators that make it easy to interoperate with `const char *` strings. But this functionality is a double-edged sword: It makes QString more convenient to use if all strings are US-ASCII or Latin-1, but there is always the risk that an implicit conversion from or to `const char *` is done using the wrong 8-bit encoding. To minimize these risks, you can turn off these implicit conversions by defining some of the following preprocessor symbols:

- QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII disables automatic conversions from C string literals and pointers to Unicode.
- QT_RESTRICTED_CAST_FROM_ASCII allows automatic conversions from C characters and character arrays, but disables automatic conversions from character pointers to Unicode.
- QT_NO_CAST_TO_ASCII disables automatic conversion from QString to C strings.

You then need to explicitly call fromUtf8(), fromLatin1(), or fromLocal8Bit() to construct a QString from an 8-bit string, or use the lightweight QLatin1StringView class, for example:

     QString url = "https://www.unicode.org/"_L1;

Similarly, you must call toLatin1(), toUtf8(), or toLocal8Bit() explicitly to convert the QString to an 8-bit string.

Note for C Programmers
Due to C++'s type system and the fact that QString is implicitly shared, QStrings may be treated like `int`s or other basic types. For example:
     QString Widget::boolToString(bool b)
     {
         QString result;
         if (b)
             result = "True";
         else
             result = "False";
         return result;
     }
The `result` variable, is a normal variable allocated on the stack. When `return` is called, and because we're returning by value, the copy constructor is called and a copy of the string is returned. No actual copying takes place thanks to the implicit sharing.

### Distinction Between Null and Empty Strings

For historical reasons, QString distinguishes between a null string and an empty string. A null string is a string that is initialized using QString's default constructor or by passing (`const char *`)0 to the constructor. An empty string is any string with size 0. A null string is always empty, but an empty string isn't necessarily null:

     QString().isNull();               // returns true
     QString().isEmpty();              // returns true

     QString("").isNull();             // returns false
     QString("").isEmpty();            // returns true

     QString("abc").isNull();          // returns false
     QString("abc").isEmpty();         // returns false

All functions except isNull() treat null strings the same as empty strings. For example, toUtf8().constData() returns a valid pointer (not nullptr) to a '\0' character for a null string. We recommend that you always use the isEmpty() function and avoid isNull().

### Number Formats

When a QString::arg() `'%'` format specifier includes the `'L'` locale qualifier, and the base is ten (its default), the default locale is used. This can be set using QLocale::setDefault(). For more refined control of localized string representations of numbers, see QLocale::toString(). All other number formatting done by QString follows the C locale's representation of numbers.

When QString::arg() applies left-padding to numbers, the fill character `'0'` is treated specially. If the number is negative, its minus sign will appear before the zero-padding. If the field is localized, the locale-appropriate zero character is used in place of `'0'`. For floating-point numbers, this special treatment only applies if the number is finite.

#### Floating-point Formats

In member functions (e.g., arg(), number()) that represent floating-point numbers (`float` or `double`) as strings, the form of display can be controlled by a choice of format and precision, whose meanings are as for QLocale::toString(double, char, int).

If the selected format includes an exponent, localized forms follow the locale's convention on digits in the exponent. For non-localized formatting, the exponent shows its sign and includes at least two digits, left-padding with zero if needed.

### More Efficient String Construction

Many strings are known at compile time. But the trivial constructor QString("Hello"), will copy the contents of the string, treating the contents as Latin-1. To avoid this one can use the QStringLiteral macro to directly create the required data at compile time. Constructing a QString out of the literal does then not cause any overhead at runtime.

A slightly less efficient way is to use QLatin1StringView. This class wraps a C string literal, precalculates it length at compile time and can then be used for faster comparison with QStrings and conversion to QStrings than a regular C string literal.

Using the QString `'+'` operator, it is easy to construct a complex string from multiple substrings. You will often write code like this:

         QString foo;
         QString type = "long";

         foo = "vector<"_L1 + type + ">::iterator"_L1;

         if (foo.startsWith("(" + type + ") 0x"))
             ...

There is nothing wrong with either of these string constructions, but there are a few hidden inefficiencies. Beginning with Qt 4.6, you can eliminate them.

First, multiple uses of the `'+'` operator usually means multiple memory allocations. When concatenating n substrings, where n > 2, there can be as many as n - 1 calls to the memory allocator.

In 4.6, an internal template class `QStringBuilder` has been added along with a few helper functions. This class is marked internal and does not appear in the documentation, because you aren't meant to instantiate it in your code. Its use will be automatic, as described below. The class is found in `src/corelib/tools/qstringbuilder.cpp` if you want to have a look at it.

`QStringBuilder` uses expression templates and reimplements the `'%'` operator so that when you use `'%'` for string concatenation instead of `'+'`, multiple substring concatenations will be postponed until the final result is about to be assigned to a QString. At this point, the amount of memory required for the final result is known. The memory allocator is then called once to get the required space, and the substrings are copied into it one by one.

Additional efficiency is gained by inlining and reduced reference counting (the QString created from a `QStringBuilder` typically has a ref count of 1, whereas QString::append() needs an extra test).

There are two ways you can access this improved method of string construction. The straightforward way is to include `QStringBuilder` wherever you want to use it, and use the `'%'` operator instead of `'+'` when concatenating strings:

         #include <QStringBuilder>

         QString hello("hello");
         QStringView el = QStringView{ hello }.mid(2, 3);
         QLatin1StringView world("world");
         QString message =  hello % el % world % QChar('!');

A more global approach which is the most convenient but not entirely source compatible, is to this define in your .pro file:

         DEFINES *= QT_USE_QSTRINGBUILDER

and the `'+'` will automatically be performed as the `QStringBuilder` `'%'` everywhere.

### Maximum Size and Out-of-memory Conditions

The maximum size of QString depends on the architecture. Most 64-bit systems can allocate more than 2 GB of memory, with a typical limit of 2^63 bytes. The actual value also depends on the overhead required for managing the data block. As a result, you can expect the maximum size of 2 GB minus overhead on 32-bit platforms, and 2^63 bytes minus overhead on 64-bit platforms. The number of elements that can be stored in a QString is this maximum size divided by the size of QChar.

When memory allocation fails, QString throws a `std::bad_alloc` exception if the application was compiled with exception support. Out of memory conditions in Qt containers are the only case where Qt will throw exceptions. If exceptions are disabled, then running out of memory is undefined behavior.

Note that the operating system may impose further limits on applications holding a lot of allocated memory, especially large, contiguous blocks. Such considerations, the configuration of such behavior or any mitigation are outside the scope of the Qt API.

See also fromRawData(), QChar, QStringView, QLatin1StringView, and QByteArray.

## Member Type Documentation

### QString::ConstIterator

Qt-style synonym for QString::const_iterator.

### QString::Iterator

Qt-style synonym for QString::iterator.

### enum QString::NormalizationForm

This enum describes the various normalized forms of Unicode text.

Constant | Value | Description
--- | --- | ---
`QString::NormalizationForm_D` | `0` | Canonical Decomposition
`QString::NormalizationForm_C` | `1` | Canonical Decomposition followed by Canonical Composition
`QString::NormalizationForm_KD` | `2` | Compatibility Decomposition
`QString::NormalizationForm_KC` | `3` | Compatibility Decomposition followed by Canonical Composition

See also normalized() and Unicode Standard Annex #15.

### enum QString::SectionFlag
flags QString::SectionFlags

This enum specifies flags that can be used to affect various aspects of the section() function's behavior with respect to separators and empty fields.

Constant | Value | Description
--- | --- | ---
`QString::SectionDefault` | `0x00` | Empty fields are counted, leading and trailing separators are not included, and the separator is compared case sensitively.
`QString::SectionSkipEmpty` | `0x01` | Treat empty fields as if they don't exist, i.e. they are not considered as far as start and end are concerned.
`QString::SectionIncludeLeadingSep` | `0x02` | Include the leading separator (if any) in the result string.
`QString::SectionIncludeTrailingSep` | `0x04` | Include the trailing separator (if any) in the result string.
`QString::SectionCaseInsensitiveSeps` | `0x08` | Compare the separator case-insensitively.

The SectionFlags type is a typedef for QFlags<SectionFlag>. It stores an OR combination of SectionFlag values.

See also section().

### QString::const_iterator

See also QString::iterator.

### QString::const_pointer

The QString::const_pointer typedef provides an STL-style const pointer to a QString element (QChar).

### QString::const_reference

### `[since 5.6]` QString::const_reverse_iterator

This typedef was introduced in Qt 5.6.

See also QString::reverse_iterator and QString::const_iterator.

### QString::difference_type

### QString::iterator

See also QString::const_iterator.

### QString::pointer

The QString::pointer typedef provides an STL-style pointer to a QString element (QChar).

### QString::reference

### `[since 5.6]` QString::reverse_iterator

This typedef was introduced in Qt 5.6.

See also QString::const_reverse_iterator and QString::iterator.

### QString::size_type

### QString::value_type

## Member Function Documentation

### `[since 6.0]` template <typename Needle, typename Flags> decltype(qTokenize(std::move(*this), std::forward<Needle>(needle), flags...)) QString::tokenize(Needle &&sep, Flags... flags) &&

### `[since 6.0]` template <typename Needle, typename Flags> decltype(qTokenize(*this, std::forward<Needle>(needle), flags...)) QString::tokenize(Needle &&sep, Flags... flags) const &

### `[since 6.0]` template <typename Needle, typename Flags> decltype(qTokenize(std::move(*this), std::forward<Needle>(needle), flags...)) QString::tokenize(Needle &&sep, Flags... flags) const &&

Splits the string into substring views wherever sep occurs, and returns a lazy sequence of those strings.

Equivalent to

     return QStringTokenizer{std::forward<Needle>(sep), flags...};

except it works without C++17 Class Template Argument Deduction (CTAD) enabled in the compiler.

See QStringTokenizer for how sep and flags interact to form the result.

Note: While this function returns QStringTokenizer, you should never, ever, name its template arguments explicitly. If you can use C++17 Class Template Argument Deduction (CTAD), you may write

     QStringTokenizer result = sv.tokenize(sep);

(without template arguments). If you can't use C++17 CTAD, you must store the return value only in `auto` variables:

     auto result = sv.tokenize(sep);

This is because the template arguments of QStringTokenizer have a very subtle dependency on the specific tokenize() overload from which they are returned, and they don't usually correspond to the type used for the separator.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

See also QStringTokenizer and qTokenize().

### `[since 5.14]` template <typename Args> QString QString::arg(Args &&... args) const

Replaces occurrences of `%N` in this string with the corresponding argument from args. The arguments are not positional: the first of the args replaces the `%N` with the lowest `N` (all of them), the second of the args the `%N` with the next-lowest `N` etc.

`Args` can consist of anything that implicitly converts to QString, QStringView or QLatin1StringView.

In addition, the following types are also supported: QChar, QLatin1Char.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.14.

See also QString::arg().

### QString::QString(const QByteArray &ba)

Constructs a string initialized with the byte array ba. The given byte array is converted to Unicode using fromUtf8().

You can disable this constructor by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

Note: : any null ('\0') bytes in the byte array will be included in this string, converted to Unicode null characters (U+0000). This behavior is different from Qt 5.x.

See also fromLatin1(), fromLocal8Bit(), and fromUtf8().

### QString::QString(const char *str)

Constructs a string initialized with the 8-bit string str. The given const char pointer is converted to Unicode using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this constructor by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

Note: Defining QT_RESTRICTED_CAST_FROM_ASCII also disables this constructor, but enables a `QString(const char (&ch)[N])` constructor instead. Using non-literal input, or input with embedded NUL characters, or non-7-bit characters is undefined in this case.

See also fromLatin1(), fromLocal8Bit(), and fromUtf8().

### `[since 5.2]` QString::QString(QString &&other)

Move-constructs a QString instance, making it point at the same object that other was pointing to.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.2.

### QString::QString(const QString &other)

Constructs a copy of other.

This operation takes constant time, because QString is implicitly shared. This makes returning a QString from a function very fast. If a shared instance is modified, it will be copied (copy-on-write), and that takes linear time.

See also operator=().

### `[since 6.1]` QString::QString(const char8_t *str)

Constructs a string initialized with the UTF-8 string str. The given const char8_t pointer is converted to Unicode using the fromUtf8() function.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.1.

See also fromLatin1(), fromLocal8Bit(), and fromUtf8().

### QString::QString(QLatin1StringView str)

Constructs a copy of the Latin-1 string str.

See also fromLatin1().

### QString::QString(qsizetype size, QChar ch)

Constructs a string of the given size with every character set to ch.

See also fill().

### QString::QString(QChar ch)

Constructs a string of size 1 containing the character ch.

### QString::QString(const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size = -1)

Constructs a string initialized with the first size characters of the QChar array unicode.

If unicode is 0, a null string is constructed.

If size is negative, unicode is assumed to point to a \0'-terminated array and its length is determined dynamically. The terminating null character is not considered part of the string.

QString makes a deep copy of the string data. The unicode data is copied as is and the Byte Order Mark is preserved if present.

See also fromRawData().

### QString::QString()

Constructs a null string. Null strings are also considered empty.

See also isEmpty(), isNull(), and Distinction Between Null and Empty Strings.

### QString &QString::operator=(const QByteArray &ba)

This function overloads operator=().

Assigns ba to this string. The byte array is converted to Unicode using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### `[since 5.2]` QString &QString::operator=(QString &&other)

Move-assigns other to this QString instance.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.2.

### QString &QString::operator=(const QString &other)

Assigns other to this string and returns a reference to this string.

### QString::~QString()

Destroys the string.

### QString &QString::append(const QString &str)

Appends the string str onto the end of this string.

Example:

     QString x = "free";
     QString y = "dom";

     x.append(y);
     // x == "freedom"

This is the same as using the insert() function:

     x.insert(x.size(), y);

The append() function is typically very fast (constant time), because QString preallocates extra space at the end of the string data so it can grow without reallocating the entire string each time.

See also operator+=(), prepend(), and insert().

### QString &QString::append(QChar ch)

This function overloads append().

Appends the character ch to this string.

### `[since 5.0]` QString &QString::append(const QChar *str, qsizetype len)

This function overloads append().

Appends len characters from the QChar array str to this string.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.0.

### `[since 6.0]` QString &QString::append(QStringView v)

This function overloads append().

Appends the given string view v to this string and returns the result.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### QString &QString::append(QLatin1StringView str)

This function overloads append().

Appends the Latin-1 string str to this string.

### QString &QString::append(const char *str)

This function overloads append().

Appends the string str to this string. The given const char pointer is converted to Unicode using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this function by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### QString &QString::append(const QByteArray &ba)

This function overloads append().

Appends the byte array ba to this string. The given byte array is converted to Unicode using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this function by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### QString QString::arg(const QString &a, int fieldWidth = 0, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

Returns a copy of this string with the lowest numbered place marker replaced by string a, i.e., `%1`, `%2`, ..., `%99`.

fieldWidth specifies the minimum amount of space that argument a shall occupy. If a requires less space than fieldWidth, it is padded to fieldWidth with character fillChar. A positive fieldWidth produces right-aligned text. A negative fieldWidth produces left-aligned text.

This example shows how we might create a `status` string for reporting progress while processing a list of files:

     QString i;           // current file's number
     QString total;       // number of files to process
     QString fileName;    // current file's name

     QString status = QString("Processing file %1 of %2: %3")
                     .arg(i).arg(total).arg(fileName);

First, `arg(i)` replaces `%1`. Then `arg(total)` replaces `%2`. Finally, `arg(fileName)` replaces `%3`.

One advantage of using arg() over asprintf() is that the order of the numbered place markers can change, if the application's strings are translated into other languages, but each arg() will still replace the lowest numbered unreplaced place marker, no matter where it appears. Also, if place marker `%i` appears more than once in the string, the arg() replaces all of them.

If there is no unreplaced place marker remaining, a warning message is output and the result is undefined. Place marker numbers must be in the range 1 to 99.

### QString QString::arg(qlonglong a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This function overloads arg().

fieldWidth specifies the minimum amount of space that a is padded to and filled with the character fillChar. A positive value produces right-aligned text; a negative value produces left-aligned text.

The base argument specifies the base to use when converting the integer a into a string. The base must be between 2 and 36, with 8 giving octal, 10 decimal, and 16 hexadecimal numbers.

See also Number Formats.

### QString QString::arg(qulonglong a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This function overloads arg().

fieldWidth specifies the minimum amount of space that a is padded to and filled with the character fillChar. A positive value produces right-aligned text; a negative value produces left-aligned text.

The base argument specifies the base to use when converting the integer a into a string. base must be between 2 and 36, with 8 giving octal, 10 decimal, and 16 hexadecimal numbers.

See also Number Formats.

### QString QString::arg(long a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This function overloads arg().

fieldWidth specifies the minimum amount of space that a is padded to and filled with the character fillChar. A positive value produces right-aligned text; a negative value produces left-aligned text.

The a argument is expressed in the given base, which is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36.

The '%' can be followed by an 'L', in which case the sequence is replaced with a localized representation of a. The conversion uses the default locale. The default locale is determined from the system's locale settings at application startup. It can be changed using QLocale::setDefault(). The 'L' flag is ignored if base is not 10.

     QString str;
     str = QString("Decimal 63 is %1 in hexadecimal")
             .arg(63, 0, 16);
     // str == "Decimal 63 is 3f in hexadecimal"

     QLocale::setDefault(QLocale(QLocale::English, QLocale::UnitedStates));
     str = QString("%1 %L2 %L3")
             .arg(12345)
             .arg(12345)
             .arg(12345, 0, 16);
     // str == "12345 12,345 3039"

See also Number Formats.

### QString QString::arg(ulong a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This function overloads arg().

fieldWidth specifies the minimum amount of space that a is padded to and filled with the character fillChar. A positive value produces right-aligned text; a negative value produces left-aligned text.

The base argument specifies the base to use when converting the integer a to a string. The base must be between 2 and 36, with 8 giving octal, 10 decimal, and 16 hexadecimal numbers.

See also Number Formats.

### QString QString::arg(int a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This function overloads arg().

The a argument is expressed in base base, which is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36. For bases other than 10, a is treated as an unsigned integer.

fieldWidth specifies the minimum amount of space that a is padded to and filled with the character fillChar. A positive value produces right-aligned text; a negative value produces left-aligned text.

The '%' can be followed by an 'L', in which case the sequence is replaced with a localized representation of a. The conversion uses the default locale, set by QLocale::setDefault(). If no default locale was specified, the system locale is used. The 'L' flag is ignored if base is not 10.

     QString str;
     str = QString("Decimal 63 is %1 in hexadecimal")
             .arg(63, 0, 16);
     // str == "Decimal 63 is 3f in hexadecimal"

     QLocale::setDefault(QLocale(QLocale::English, QLocale::UnitedStates));
     str = QString("%1 %L2 %L3")
             .arg(12345)
             .arg(12345)
             .arg(12345, 0, 16);
     // str == "12345 12,345 3039"

See also Number Formats.

### QString QString::arg(uint a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This function overloads arg().

The base argument specifies the base to use when converting the integer a into a string. The base must be between 2 and 36.

See also Number Formats.

### QString QString::arg(short a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This function overloads arg().

fieldWidth specifies the minimum amount of space that a is padded to and filled with the character fillChar. A positive value produces right-aligned text; a negative value produces left-aligned text.

The base argument specifies the base to use when converting the integer a into a string. The base must be between 2 and 36, with 8 giving octal, 10 decimal, and 16 hexadecimal numbers.

See also Number Formats.

### QString QString::arg(ushort a, int fieldWidth = 0, int base = 10, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This function overloads arg().

fieldWidth specifies the minimum amount of space that a is padded to and filled with the character fillChar. A positive value produces right-aligned text; a negative value produces left-aligned text.

The base argument specifies the base to use when converting the integer a into a string. The base must be between 2 and 36, with 8 giving octal, 10 decimal, and 16 hexadecimal numbers.

See also Number Formats.

### QString QString::arg(double a, int fieldWidth = 0, char format = 'g', int precision = -1, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This function overloads arg().

Argument a is formatted according to the specified format and precision. See Floating-point Formats for details.

fieldWidth specifies the minimum amount of space that a is padded to and filled with the character fillChar. A positive value produces right-aligned text; a negative value produces left-aligned text.

     double d = 12.34;
     QString str = QString("delta: %1").arg(d, 0, 'E', 3);
     // str == "delta: 1.234E+01"

See also QLocale::toString(), QLocale::FloatingPointPrecisionOption, and Number Formats.

### QString QString::arg(char a, int fieldWidth = 0, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This function overloads arg().

The a argument is interpreted as a Latin-1 character.

### QString QString::arg(QChar a, int fieldWidth = 0, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This function overloads arg().

### `[since 5.10]` QString QString::arg(QStringView a, int fieldWidth = 0, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This is an overloaded function.

Returns a copy of this string with the lowest-numbered place-marker replaced by string a, i.e., `%1`, `%2`, ..., `%99`.

fieldWidth specifies the minimum amount of space that a shall occupy. If a requires less space than fieldWidth, it is padded to fieldWidth with character fillChar. A positive fieldWidth produces right-aligned text. A negative fieldWidth produces left-aligned text.

This example shows how we might create a `status` string for reporting progress while processing a list of files:

     int i;                // current file's number
     int total;            // number of files to process
     QStringView fileName; // current file's name

     QString status = QString("Processing file %1 of %2: %3")
                     .arg(i).arg(total).arg(fileName);

First, `arg(i)` replaces `%1`. Then `arg(total)` replaces `%2`. Finally, `arg(fileName)` replaces `%3`.

One advantage of using arg() over asprintf() is that the order of the numbered place markers can change, if the application's strings are translated into other languages, but each arg() will still replace the lowest-numbered unreplaced place-marker, no matter where it appears. Also, if place-marker `%i` appears more than once in the string, arg() replaces all of them.

If there is no unreplaced place-marker remaining, a warning message is printed and the result is undefined. Place-marker numbers must be in the range 1 to 99.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.10.

### `[since 5.10]` QString QString::arg(QLatin1StringView a, int fieldWidth = 0, QChar fillChar = u' ') const

This is an overloaded function.

Returns a copy of this string with the lowest-numbered place-marker replaced by string a, i.e., `%1`, `%2`, ..., `%99`.

fieldWidth specifies the minimum amount of space that a shall occupy. If a requires less space than fieldWidth, it is padded to fieldWidth with character fillChar. A positive fieldWidth produces right-aligned text. A negative fieldWidth produces left-aligned text.

One advantage of using arg() over asprintf() is that the order of the numbered place markers can change, if the application's strings are translated into other languages, but each arg() will still replace the lowest-numbered unreplaced place-marker, no matter where it appears. Also, if place-marker `%i` appears more than once in the string, arg() replaces all of them.

If there is no unreplaced place-marker remaining, a warning message is printed and the result is undefined. Place-marker numbers must be in the range 1 to 99.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.10.

### `[static, since 5.5]` QString QString::asprintf(const char *cformat, ...)

Safely builds a formatted string from the format string cformat and an arbitrary list of arguments.

The format string supports the conversion specifiers, length modifiers, and flags provided by printf() in the standard C++ library. The cformat string and `%s` arguments must be UTF-8 encoded.

Note: The `%lc` escape sequence expects a unicode character of type `char16_t`, or `ushort` (as returned by QChar::unicode()). The `%ls` escape sequence expects a pointer to a zero-terminated array of unicode characters of type `char16_t`, or ushort (as returned by QString::utf16()). This is at odds with the printf() in the standard C++ library, which defines `%lc` to print a wchar_t and `%ls` to print a `wchar_t*`, and might also produce compiler warnings on platforms where the size of `wchar_t` is not 16 bits.

Warning: We do not recommend using QString::asprintf() in new Qt code. Instead, consider using QTextStream or arg(), both of which support Unicode strings seamlessly and are type-safe. Here is an example that uses QTextStream:

     QString result;
     QTextStream(&result) << "pi = " << 3.14;
     // result == "pi = 3.14"

For translations, especially if the strings contains more than one escape sequence, you should consider using the arg() function instead. This allows the order of the replacements to be controlled by the translator.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.5.

See also arg().

### const QChar QString::at(qsizetype position) const

Returns the character at the given index position in the string.

The position must be a valid index position in the string (i.e., 0 <= position < size()).

See also operator[]().

### `[since 5.10]` QChar QString::back() const

Returns the last character in the string. Same as `at(size() - 1)`.

This function is provided for STL compatibility.

Warning: Calling this function on an empty string constitutes undefined behavior.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.10.

See also front(), at(), and operator[]().

### `[since 5.10]` QChar &QString::back()

Returns a reference to the last character in the string. Same as `operator[](size() - 1)`.

This function is provided for STL compatibility.

Warning: Calling this function on an empty string constitutes undefined behavior.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.10.

See also front(), at(), and operator[]().

### iterator QString::begin()

Returns an STL-style iterator pointing to the first character in the string.

Warning: The returned iterator is invalidated on detachment or when the QString is modified.

See also constBegin() and end().

### const_iterator QString::begin() const

This function overloads begin().

### qsizetype QString::capacity() const

Returns the maximum number of characters that can be stored in the string without forcing a reallocation.

The sole purpose of this function is to provide a means of fine tuning QString's memory usage. In general, you will rarely ever need to call this function. If you want to know how many characters are in the string, call size().

Note: a statically allocated string will report a capacity of 0, even if it's not empty.

Note: The free space position in the allocated memory block is undefined. In other words, one should not assume that the free memory is always located after the initialized elements.

See also reserve() and squeeze().

### `[since 5.0]` const_iterator QString::cbegin() const

Returns a const STL-style iterator pointing to the first character in the string.

Warning: The returned iterator is invalidated on detachment or when the QString is modified.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.0.

See also begin() and cend().

### `[since 5.0]` const_iterator QString::cend() const

Returns a const STL-style iterator pointing just after the last character in the string.

Warning: The returned iterator is invalidated on detachment or when the QString is modified.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.0.

See also cbegin() and end().

### void QString::chop(qsizetype n)

Removes n characters from the end of the string.

If n is greater than or equal to size(), the result is an empty string; if n is negative, it is equivalent to passing zero.

Example:

     QString str("LOGOUT\r\n");
     str.chop(2);
     // str == "LOGOUT"

If you want to remove characters from the beginning of the string, use remove() instead.

See also truncate(), resize(), remove(), and QStringView::chop().

### `[since 5.10]` QString QString::chopped(qsizetype len) const

Returns a string that contains the size() - len leftmost characters of this string.

Note: The behavior is undefined if len is negative or greater than size().

This function was introduced in Qt 5.10.

See also endsWith(), first(), last(), sliced(), chop(), and truncate().

### void QString::clear()

Clears the contents of the string and makes it null.

See also resize() and isNull().

### `[static]` int QString::compare(const QString &s1, const QString &s2, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

Compares s1 with s2 and returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if s1 is less than, equal to, or greater than s2.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive, the comparison is case sensitive; otherwise the comparison is case insensitive.

Case sensitive comparison is based exclusively on the numeric Unicode values of the characters and is very fast, but is not what a human would expect. Consider sorting user-visible strings with localeAwareCompare().

     int x = QString::compare("aUtO", "AuTo", Qt::CaseInsensitive);  // x == 0
     int y = QString::compare("auto", "Car", Qt::CaseSensitive);     // y > 0
     int z = QString::compare("auto", "Car", Qt::CaseInsensitive);   // z < 0

See also operator==(), operator<(), operator>(), and Comparing Strings.

### int QString::compare(const QString &other, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads compare().

Lexically compares this string with the other string and returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if this string is less than, equal to, or greater than the other string.

Same as compare(*this, other, cs).

### int QString::compare(QLatin1StringView other, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads compare().

Same as compare(*this, other, cs).

### `[since 5.12]` int QString::compare(QStringView s, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads compare().

Performs a comparison of this with s, using the case sensitivity setting cs.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.12.

### `[since 5.14]` int QString::compare(QChar ch, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads compare().

Performs a comparison of this with ch, using the case sensitivity setting cs.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.14.

### `[static]` int QString::compare(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads compare().

Performs a comparison of s1 and s2, using the case sensitivity setting cs.

### `[static]` int QString::compare(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads compare().

Performs a comparison of s1 and s2, using the case sensitivity setting cs.

### `[static]` int QString::compare(const QString &s1, QStringView s2, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads compare().

### `[static]` int QString::compare(QStringView s1, const QString &s2, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads compare().

### const_iterator QString::constBegin() const

Returns a const STL-style iterator pointing to the first character in the string.

Warning: The returned iterator is invalidated on detachment or when the QString is modified.

See also begin() and constEnd().

### const QChar *QString::constData() const

Returns a pointer to the data stored in the QString. The pointer can be used to access the characters that compose the string.

Note that the pointer remains valid only as long as the string is not modified.

Note: The returned string may not be '\0'-terminated. Use size() to determine the length of the array.

See also data(), operator[](), and fromRawData().

### const_iterator QString::constEnd() const

Returns a const STL-style iterator pointing just after the last character in the string.

Warning: The returned iterator is invalidated on detachment or when the QString is modified.

See also constBegin() and end().

### bool QString::contains(const QString &str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

Returns `true` if this string contains an occurrence of the string str; otherwise returns `false`.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Example:

     QString str = "Peter Pan";
     str.contains("peter", Qt::CaseInsensitive);    // returns true

See also indexOf() and count().

### bool QString::contains(QChar ch, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads contains().

Returns `true` if this string contains an occurrence of the character ch; otherwise returns `false`.

### `[since 5.3]` bool QString::contains(QLatin1StringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads contains().

Returns `true` if this string contains an occurrence of the latin-1 string str; otherwise returns `false`.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.3.

### `[since 5.14]` bool QString::contains(QStringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads contains().

Returns `true` if this string contains an occurrence of the string view str; otherwise returns `false`.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.14.

See also indexOf() and count().

### `[since 5.1]` bool QString::contains(const QRegularExpression &re, QRegularExpressionMatch *rmatch = nullptr) const

Returns `true` if the regular expression re matches somewhere in this string; otherwise returns `false`.

If the match is successful and rmatch is not `nullptr`, it also writes the results of the match into the QRegularExpressionMatch object pointed to by rmatch.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.1.

See also QRegularExpression::match().

### qsizetype QString::count(const QString &str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

Returns the number of (potentially overlapping) occurrences of the string str in this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

See also contains() and indexOf().

### qsizetype QString::count(QChar ch, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads count().

Returns the number of occurrences of character ch in the string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

See also contains() and indexOf().

### `[since 6.0]` qsizetype QString::count(QStringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads count().

Returns the number of (potentially overlapping) occurrences of the string view str in this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

See also contains() and indexOf().

### `[since 5.0]` qsizetype QString::count(const QRegularExpression &re) const

This function overloads count().

Returns the number of times the regular expression re matches in the string.

For historical reasons, this function counts overlapping matches, so in the example below, there are four instances of "ana" or "ama":

     QString str = "banana and panama";
     str.count(QRegularExpression("a[nm]a"));    // returns 4

This behavior is different from simply iterating over the matches in the string using QRegularExpressionMatchIterator.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.0.

See also QRegularExpression::globalMatch().

### `[since 5.6]` const_reverse_iterator QString::crbegin() const

Returns a const STL-style reverse iterator pointing to the first character in the string, in reverse order.

Warning: The returned iterator is invalidated on detachment or when the QString is modified.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.6.

See also begin(), rbegin(), and rend().

### `[since 5.6]` const_reverse_iterator QString::crend() const

Returns a const STL-style reverse iterator pointing just after the last character in the string, in reverse order.

Warning: The returned iterator is invalidated on detachment or when the QString is modified.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.6.

See also end(), rend(), and rbegin().

### QChar *QString::data()

Returns a pointer to the data stored in the QString. The pointer can be used to access and modify the characters that compose the string.

Unlike constData() and unicode(), the returned data is always '\0'-terminated.

Example:

     QString str = "Hello world";
     QChar *data = str.data();
     while (!data->isNull()) {
         qDebug() << data->unicode();
         ++data;
     }

Note that the pointer remains valid only as long as the string is not modified by other means. For read-only access, constData() is faster because it never causes a deep copy to occur.

See also constData() and operator[]().

### const QChar *QString::data() const

This is an overloaded function.

Note: The returned string may not be '\0'-terminated. Use size() to determine the length of the array.

See also fromRawData().

### iterator QString::end()

Returns an STL-style iterator pointing just after the last character in the string.

Warning: The returned iterator is invalidated on detachment or when the QString is modified.

See also begin() and constEnd().

### const_iterator QString::end() const

This function overloads end().

### bool QString::endsWith(const QString &s, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

Returns `true` if the string ends with s; otherwise returns `false`.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

     QString str = "Bananas";
     str.endsWith("anas");         // returns true
     str.endsWith("pple");         // returns false

See also startsWith().

### `[since 5.10]` bool QString::endsWith(QStringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads endsWith().

Returns `true` if the string ends with the string view str; otherwise returns `false`.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.10.

See also startsWith().

### bool QString::endsWith(QLatin1StringView s, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads endsWith().

### bool QString::endsWith(QChar c, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

Returns `true` if the string ends with c; otherwise returns `false`.

This function overloads endsWith().

### `[since 6.1]` iterator QString::erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last)

Removes from the string the characters in the half-open range [ first , last ). Returns an iterator to the character referred to by last before the erase.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.1.

### QString &QString::fill(QChar ch, qsizetype size = -1)

Sets every character in the string to character ch. If size is different from -1 (default), the string is resized to size beforehand.

Example:

     QString str = "Berlin";
     str.fill('z');
     // str == "zzzzzz"

     str.fill('A', 2);
     // str == "AA"

See also resize().

### `[since 6.0]` QString QString::first(qsizetype n) const

Returns a string that contains the first n characters of this string.

Note: The behavior is undefined when n < 0 or n > size().

     QString x = "Pineapple";
     QString y = x.first(4);      // y == "Pine"

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

See also last(), sliced(), startsWith(), chopped(), chop(), and truncate().

### `[static, since 5.2]` QString QString::fromCFString(CFStringRef string)

Constructs a new QString containing a copy of the string CFString.

Note: this function is only available on macOS and iOS.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.2.

### `[static]` QString QString::fromLatin1(const char *str, qsizetype size)

Returns a QString initialized with the first size characters of the Latin-1 string str.

If size is `-1`, `strlen(str)` is used instead.

See also toLatin1(), fromUtf8(), and fromLocal8Bit().

### `[static, since 6.0]` QString QString::fromLatin1(QByteArrayView str)

This is an overloaded function.

Returns a QString initialized with the Latin-1 string str.

Note: : any null ('\0') bytes in the byte array will be included in this string, converted to Unicode null characters (U+0000).

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### `[static, since 5.0]` QString QString::fromLatin1(const QByteArray &str)

This is an overloaded function.

Returns a QString initialized with the Latin-1 string str.

Note: : any null ('\0') bytes in the byte array will be included in this string, converted to Unicode null characters (U+0000). This behavior is different from Qt 5.x.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.0.

### `[static]` QString QString::fromLocal8Bit(const char *str, qsizetype size)

Returns a QString initialized with the first size characters of the 8-bit string str.

If size is `-1`, `strlen(str)` is used instead.

On Unix systems this is equivalen to fromUtf8(), on Windows the systems current code page is being used.

See also toLocal8Bit(), fromLatin1(), and fromUtf8().

### `[static, since 6.0]` QString QString::fromLocal8Bit(QByteArrayView str)

This is an overloaded function.

Returns a QString initialized with the 8-bit string str.

Note: : any null ('\0') bytes in the byte array will be included in this string, converted to Unicode null characters (U+0000).

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### `[static, since 5.0]` QString QString::fromLocal8Bit(const QByteArray &str)

This is an overloaded function.

Returns a QString initialized with the 8-bit string str.

Note: : any null ('\0') bytes in the byte array will be included in this string, converted to Unicode null characters (U+0000). This behavior is different from Qt 5.x.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.0.

### `[static, since 5.2]` QString QString::fromNSString(const NSString *string)

Constructs a new QString containing a copy of the string NSString.

Note: this function is only available on macOS and iOS.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.2.

### `[static]` QString QString::fromRawData(const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size)

Constructs a QString that uses the first size Unicode characters in the array unicode. The data in unicode is not copied. The caller must be able to guarantee that unicode will not be deleted or modified as long as the QString (or an unmodified copy of it) exists.

Any attempts to modify the QString or copies of it will cause it to create a deep copy of the data, ensuring that the raw data isn't modified.

Here is an example of how we can use a QRegularExpression on raw data in memory without requiring to copy the data into a QString:

     QRegularExpression pattern("\u00A4");
     static const QChar unicode[] = {
             0x005A, 0x007F, 0x00A4, 0x0060,
             0x1009, 0x0020, 0x0020};
     qsizetype size = sizeof(unicode) / sizeof(QChar);

     QString str = QString::fromRawData(unicode, size);
     if (str.contains(pattern) {
         // ...
     }

Warning: A string created with fromRawData() is not '\0'-terminated, unless the raw data contains a '\0' character at position size. This means unicode() will not return a '\0'-terminated string (although utf16() does, at the cost of copying the raw data).

See also fromUtf16() and setRawData().

### `[static]` QString QString::fromStdString(const std::string &str)

Returns a copy of the str string. The given string is converted to Unicode using the fromUtf8() function.

See also fromLatin1(), fromLocal8Bit(), fromUtf8(), and QByteArray::fromStdString().

### `[static, since 5.5]` QString QString::fromStdU16String(const std::u16string &str)

Returns a copy of the str string. The given string is assumed to be encoded in UTF-16.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.5.

See also fromUtf16(), fromStdWString(), and fromStdU32String().

### `[static, since 5.5]` QString QString::fromStdU32String(const std::u32string &str)

Returns a copy of the str string. The given string is assumed to be encoded in UCS-4.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.5.

See also fromUcs4(), fromStdWString(), and fromStdU16String().

### `[static]` QString QString::fromStdWString(const std::wstring &str)

Returns a copy of the str string. The given string is assumed to be encoded in utf16 if the size of wchar_t is 2 bytes (e.g. on windows) and ucs4 if the size of wchar_t is 4 bytes (most Unix systems).

See also fromUtf16(), fromLatin1(), fromLocal8Bit(), fromUtf8(), fromUcs4(), fromStdU16String(), and fromStdU32String().

### `[static, since 5.3]` QString QString::fromUcs4(const char32_t *unicode, qsizetype size = -1)

Returns a QString initialized with the first size characters of the Unicode string unicode (ISO-10646-UCS-4 encoded).

If size is -1 (default), unicode must be \0'-terminated.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.3.

See also toUcs4(), fromUtf16(), utf16(), setUtf16(), fromWCharArray(), and fromStdU32String().

### `[static]` QString QString::fromUtf8(const char *str, qsizetype size)

Returns a QString initialized with the first size bytes of the UTF-8 string str.

If size is `-1`, `strlen(str)` is used instead.

UTF-8 is a Unicode codec and can represent all characters in a Unicode string like QString. However, invalid sequences are possible with UTF-8 and, if any such are found, they will be replaced with one or more "replacement characters", or suppressed. These include non-Unicode sequences, non-characters, overlong sequences or surrogate codepoints encoded into UTF-8.

This function can be used to process incoming data incrementally as long as all UTF-8 characters are terminated within the incoming data. Any unterminated characters at the end of the string will be replaced or suppressed. In order to do stateful decoding, please use QStringDecoder.

See also toUtf8(), fromLatin1(), and fromLocal8Bit().

### `[static, since 6.0]` QString QString::fromUtf8(QByteArrayView str)

This is an overloaded function.

Returns a QString initialized with the UTF-8 string str.

Note: : any null ('\0') bytes in the byte array will be included in this string, converted to Unicode null characters (U+0000).

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### `[static, since 5.0]` QString QString::fromUtf8(const QByteArray &str)

This is an overloaded function.

Returns a QString initialized with the UTF-8 string str.

Note: : any null ('\0') bytes in the byte array will be included in this string, converted to Unicode null characters (U+0000). This behavior is different from Qt 5.x.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.0.

### `[static, since 6.1]` QString QString::fromUtf8(const char8_t *str)

This is an overloaded function.

This overload is only available when compiling in C++20 mode.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.1.

### `[static, since 6.0]` QString QString::fromUtf8(const char8_t *str, qsizetype size)

This is an overloaded function.

This overload is only available when compiling in C++20 mode.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### `[static, since 5.3]` QString QString::fromUtf16(const char16_t *unicode, qsizetype size = -1)

Returns a QString initialized with the first size characters of the Unicode string unicode (ISO-10646-UTF-16 encoded).

If size is -1 (default), unicode must be \0'-terminated.

This function checks for a Byte Order Mark (BOM). If it is missing, host byte order is assumed.

This function is slow compared to the other Unicode conversions. Use QString(const QChar *, qsizetype) or QString(const QChar *) if possible.

QString makes a deep copy of the Unicode data.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.3.

See also utf16(), setUtf16(), and fromStdU16String().

### `[static]` QString QString::fromWCharArray(const wchar_t *string, qsizetype size = -1)

Returns a copy of the string, where the encoding of string depends on the size of wchar. If wchar is 4 bytes, the string is interpreted as UCS-4, if wchar is 2 bytes it is interpreted as UTF-16.

If size is -1 (default), the string must be '\0'-terminated.

See also fromUtf16(), fromLatin1(), fromLocal8Bit(), fromUtf8(), fromUcs4(), and fromStdWString().

### `[since 5.10]` QChar QString::front() const

Returns the first character in the string. Same as `at(0)`.

This function is provided for STL compatibility.

Warning: Calling this function on an empty string constitutes undefined behavior.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.10.

See also back(), at(), and operator[]().

### `[since 5.10]` QChar &QString::front()

Returns a reference to the first character in the string. Same as `operator[](0)`.

This function is provided for STL compatibility.

Warning: Calling this function on an empty string constitutes undefined behavior.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.10.

See also back(), at(), and operator[]().

### qsizetype QString::indexOf(QLatin1StringView str, qsizetype from = 0, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

Returns the index position of the first occurrence of the string str in this string, searching forward from index position from. Returns -1 if str is not found.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Example:

     QString x = "sticky question";
     QString y = "sti";
     x.indexOf(y);               // returns 0
     x.indexOf(y, 1);            // returns 10
     x.indexOf(y, 10);           // returns 10
     x.indexOf(y, 11);           // returns -1

If from is -1, the search starts at the last character; if it is -2, at the next to last character and so on.

See also lastIndexOf(), contains(), and count().

### qsizetype QString::indexOf(QChar ch, qsizetype from = 0, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads indexOf().

Returns the index position of the first occurrence of the character ch in the string, searching forward from index position from. Returns -1 if ch could not be found.

### qsizetype QString::indexOf(const QString &str, qsizetype from = 0, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

Returns the index position of the first occurrence of the string str in this string, searching forward from index position from. Returns -1 if str is not found.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Example:

     QString x = "sticky question";
     QString y = "sti";
     x.indexOf(y);               // returns 0
     x.indexOf(y, 1);            // returns 10
     x.indexOf(y, 10);           // returns 10
     x.indexOf(y, 11);           // returns -1

If from is -1, the search starts at the last character; if it is -2, at the next to last character and so on.

See also lastIndexOf(), contains(), and count().

### `[since 5.14]` qsizetype QString::indexOf(QStringView str, qsizetype from = 0, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads indexOf().

Returns the index position of the first occurrence of the string view str in this string, searching forward from index position from. Returns -1 if str is not found.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

If from is -1, the search starts at the last character; if it is -2, at the next to last character and so on.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.14.

See also QStringView::indexOf(), lastIndexOf(), contains(), and count().

### `[since 5.5]` qsizetype QString::indexOf(const QRegularExpression &re, qsizetype from = 0, QRegularExpressionMatch *rmatch = nullptr) const

Returns the index position of the first match of the regular expression re in the string, searching forward from index position from. Returns -1 if re didn't match anywhere.

If the match is successful and rmatch is not `nullptr`, it also writes the results of the match into the QRegularExpressionMatch object pointed to by rmatch.

Example:

     QString str = "the minimum";
     str.indexOf(QRegularExpression("m[aeiou]"), 0);       // returns 4

     QString str = "the minimum";
     QRegularExpressionMatch match;
     str.indexOf(QRegularExpression("m[aeiou]"), 0, &match);       // returns 4
     // match.captured() == mi

This function was introduced in Qt 5.5.

### QString &QString::insert(qsizetype position, const QString &str)

Inserts the string str at the given index position and returns a reference to this string.

Example:

     QString str = "Meal";
     str.insert(1, QString("ontr"));
     // str == "Montreal"

This string grows to accommodate the insertion. If position is beyond the end of the string, space characters are appended to the string to reach this position, followed by str.

See also append(), prepend(), replace(), and remove().

### QString &QString::insert(qsizetype position, QChar ch)

This function overloads insert().

Inserts ch at the given index position in the string.

This string grows to accommodate the insertion. If position is beyond the end of the string, space characters are appended to the string to reach this position, followed by ch.

### QString &QString::insert(qsizetype position, const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size)

This function overloads insert().

Inserts the first size characters of the QChar array unicode at the given index position in the string.

This string grows to accommodate the insertion. If position is beyond the end of the string, space characters are appended to the string to reach this position, followed by size characters of the QChar array unicode.

### `[since 6.0]` QString &QString::insert(qsizetype position, QStringView str)

This function overloads insert().

Inserts the string view str at the given index position and returns a reference to this string.

This string grows to accommodate the insertion. If position is beyond the end of the string, space characters are appended to the string to reach this position, followed by str.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### QString &QString::insert(qsizetype position, QLatin1StringView str)

This function overloads insert().

Inserts the Latin-1 string str at the given index position.

This string grows to accommodate the insertion. If position is beyond the end of the string, space characters are appended to the string to reach this position, followed by str.

### `[since 5.5]` QString &QString::insert(qsizetype position, const char *str)

This function overloads insert().

Inserts the C string str at the given index position and returns a reference to this string.

This string grows to accommodate the insertion. If position is beyond the end of the string, space characters are appended to the string to reach this position, followed by str.

This function is not available when QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII is defined.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.5.

### `[since 5.5]` QString &QString::insert(qsizetype position, const QByteArray &str)

This function overloads insert().

Interprets the contents of str as UTF-8, inserts the Unicode string it encodes at the given index position and returns a reference to this string.

This string grows to accommodate the insertion. If position is beyond the end of the string, space characters are appended to the string to reach this position, followed by str.

This function is not available when QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII is defined.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.5.

### bool QString::isEmpty() const

Returns `true` if the string has no characters; otherwise returns `false`.

Example:

     QString().isEmpty();            // returns true
     QString("").isEmpty();          // returns true
     QString("x").isEmpty();         // returns false
     QString("abc").isEmpty();       // returns false

See also size().

### `[since 5.12]` bool QString::isLower() const

Returns `true` if the string is lowercase, that is, it's identical to its toLower() folding.

Note that this does not mean that the string does not contain uppercase letters (some uppercase letters do not have a lowercase folding; they are left unchanged by toLower()). For more information, refer to the Unicode standard, section 3.13.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.12.

See also QChar::toLower() and isUpper().

### bool QString::isNull() const

Returns `true` if this string is null; otherwise returns `false`.

Example:

     QString().isNull();             // returns true
     QString("").isNull();           // returns false
     QString("abc").isNull();        // returns false

Qt makes a distinction between null strings and empty strings for historical reasons. For most applications, what matters is whether or not a string contains any data, and this can be determined using the isEmpty() function.

See also isEmpty().

### bool QString::isRightToLeft() const

Returns `true` if the string is read right to left.

See also QStringView::isRightToLeft().

### `[since 5.12]` bool QString::isUpper() const

Returns `true` if the string is uppercase, that is, it's identical to its toUpper() folding.

Note that this does not mean that the string does not contain lowercase letters (some lowercase letters do not have a uppercase folding; they are left unchanged by toUpper()). For more information, refer to the Unicode standard, section 3.13.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.12.

See also QChar::toUpper() and isLower().

### `[since 5.15]` bool QString::isValidUtf16() const

Returns `true` if the string contains valid UTF-16 encoded data, or `false` otherwise.

Note that this function does not perform any special validation of the data; it merely checks if it can be successfully decoded from UTF-16. The data is assumed to be in host byte order; the presence of a BOM is meaningless.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.15.

See also QStringView::isValidUtf16().

### `[since 6.0]` QString QString::last(qsizetype n) const

Returns the string that contains the last n characters of this string.

Note: The behavior is undefined when n < 0 or n > size().

     QString x = "Pineapple";
     QString y = x.last(5);      // y == "apple"

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

See also first(), sliced(), endsWith(), chopped(), chop(), and truncate().

### qsizetype QString::lastIndexOf(const QString &str, qsizetype from, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

Returns the index position of the last occurrence of the string str in this string, searching backward from index position from. If from is -1, the search starts at the last character; if from is -2, at the next to last character and so on. Returns -1 if str is not found.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Example:

     QString x = "crazy azimuths";
     QString y = "az";
     x.lastIndexOf(y);           // returns 6
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 6);        // returns 6
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 5);        // returns 2
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 1);        // returns -1

Note: When searching for a 0-length str, the match at the end of the data is excluded from the search by a negative from, even though `-1` is normally thought of as searching from the end of the string: the match at the end is after the last character, so it is excluded. To include such a final empty match, either give a positive value for from or omit the from parameter entirely.

See also indexOf(), contains(), and count().

### `[since 6.3]` qsizetype QString::lastIndexOf(QChar ch, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads lastIndexOf().

This function was introduced in Qt 6.3.

### qsizetype QString::lastIndexOf(QChar ch, qsizetype from, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads lastIndexOf().

Returns the index position of the last occurrence of the character ch, searching backward from position from.

### `[since 6.2]` qsizetype QString::lastIndexOf(QLatin1StringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads lastIndexOf().

Returns the index position of the last occurrence of the string str in this string. Returns -1 if str is not found.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Example:

     QString x = "crazy azimuths";
     QString y = "az";
     x.lastIndexOf(y);           // returns 6
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 6);        // returns 6
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 5);        // returns 2
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 1);        // returns -1

This function was introduced in Qt 6.2.

See also indexOf(), contains(), and count().

### qsizetype QString::lastIndexOf(QLatin1StringView str, qsizetype from, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads lastIndexOf().

Returns the index position of the last occurrence of the string str in this string, searching backward from index position from. If from is -1, the search starts at the last character; if from is -2, at the next to last character and so on. Returns -1 if str is not found.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Example:

     QString x = "crazy azimuths";
     QString y = "az";
     x.lastIndexOf(y);           // returns 6
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 6);        // returns 6
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 5);        // returns 2
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 1);        // returns -1

Note: When searching for a 0-length str, the match at the end of the data is excluded from the search by a negative from, even though `-1` is normally thought of as searching from the end of the string: the match at the end is after the last character, so it is excluded. To include such a final empty match, either give a positive value for from or omit the from parameter entirely.

See also indexOf(), contains(), and count().

### `[since 6.2]` qsizetype QString::lastIndexOf(const QString &str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads lastIndexOf().

Returns the index position of the last occurrence of the string str in this string. Returns -1 if str is not found.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Example:

     QString x = "crazy azimuths";
     QString y = "az";
     x.lastIndexOf(y);           // returns 6
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 6);        // returns 6
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 5);        // returns 2
     x.lastIndexOf(y, 1);        // returns -1

This function was introduced in Qt 6.2.

See also indexOf(), contains(), and count().

### `[since 6.2]` qsizetype QString::lastIndexOf(QStringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads lastIndexOf().

Returns the index position of the last occurrence of the string view str in this string. Returns -1 if str is not found.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.2.

See also indexOf(), contains(), and count().

### `[since 5.14]` qsizetype QString::lastIndexOf(QStringView str, qsizetype from, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads lastIndexOf().

Returns the index position of the last occurrence of the string view str in this string, searching backward from index position from. If from is -1, the search starts at the last character; if from is -2, at the next to last character and so on. Returns -1 if str is not found.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Note: When searching for a 0-length str, the match at the end of the data is excluded from the search by a negative from, even though `-1` is normally thought of as searching from the end of the string: the match at the end is after the last character, so it is excluded. To include such a final empty match, either give a positive value for from or omit the from parameter entirely.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.14.

See also indexOf(), contains(), and count().

### `[since 6.2]` qsizetype QString::lastIndexOf(const QRegularExpression &re, QRegularExpressionMatch *rmatch = nullptr) const

This function overloads lastIndexOf().

Returns the index position of the last match of the regular expression re in the string. Returns -1 if re didn't match anywhere.

If the match is successful and rmatch is not `nullptr`, it also writes the results of the match into the QRegularExpressionMatch object pointed to by rmatch.

Example:

     QString str = "the minimum";
     str.lastIndexOf(QRegularExpression("m[aeiou]"));      // returns 8

     QString str = "the minimum";
     QRegularExpressionMatch match;
     str.lastIndexOf(QRegularExpression("m[aeiou]"), -1, &match);      // returns 8
     // match.captured() == mu

Note: Due to how the regular expression matching algorithm works, this function will actually match repeatedly from the beginning of the string until the end of the string is reached.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.2.

### `[since 5.5]` qsizetype QString::lastIndexOf(const QRegularExpression &re, qsizetype from, QRegularExpressionMatch *rmatch = nullptr) const

Returns the index position of the last match of the regular expression re in the string, which starts before the index position from. If from is -1, the search starts at the last character; if from is -2, at the next to last character and so on. Returns -1 if re didn't match anywhere.

If the match is successful and rmatch is not `nullptr`, it also writes the results of the match into the QRegularExpressionMatch object pointed to by rmatch.

Example:

     QString str = "the minimum";
     str.lastIndexOf(QRegularExpression("m[aeiou]"));      // returns 8

     QString str = "the minimum";
     QRegularExpressionMatch match;
     str.lastIndexOf(QRegularExpression("m[aeiou]"), -1, &match);      // returns 8
     // match.captured() == mu

Note: Due to how the regular expression matching algorithm works, this function will actually match repeatedly from the beginning of the string until the position from is reached.

Note: When searching for a regular expression re that may match 0 characters, the match at the end of the data is excluded from the search by a negative from, even though `-1` is normally thought of as searching from the end of the string: the match at the end is after the last character, so it is excluded. To include such a final empty match, either give a positive value for from or omit the from parameter entirely.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.5.

### QString QString::left(qsizetype n) const

Returns a substring that contains the n leftmost characters of the string.

If you know that n cannot be out of bounds, use first() instead in new code, because it is faster.

The entire string is returned if n is greater than or equal to size(), or less than zero.

See also first(), last(), startsWith(), chopped(), chop(), and truncate().

### QString QString::leftJustified(qsizetype width, QChar fill = u' ', bool truncate = false) const

Returns a string of size width that contains this string padded by the fill character.

If truncate is `false` and the size() of the string is more than width, then the returned string is a copy of the string.

     QString s = "apple";
     QString t = s.leftJustified(8, '.');    // t == "apple..."

If truncate is `true` and the size() of the string is more than width, then any characters in a copy of the string after position width are removed, and the copy is returned.

     QString str = "Pineapple";
     str = str.leftJustified(5, '.', true);    // str == "Pinea"

See also rightJustified().

### qsizetype QString::length() const

Returns the number of characters in this string. Equivalent to size().

See also resize().

### `[static]` int QString::localeAwareCompare(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)

Compares s1 with s2 and returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if s1 is less than, equal to, or greater than s2.

The comparison is performed in a locale- and also platform-dependent manner. Use this function to present sorted lists of strings to the user.

See also compare(), QLocale, and Comparing Strings.

### int QString::localeAwareCompare(const QString &other) const

This function overloads localeAwareCompare().

Compares this string with the other string and returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if this string is less than, equal to, or greater than the other string.

The comparison is performed in a locale- and also platform-dependent manner. Use this function to present sorted lists of strings to the user.

Same as `localeAwareCompare(*this, other)`.

See also Comparing Strings.

### `[since 6.0]` int QString::localeAwareCompare(QStringView other) const

This function overloads localeAwareCompare().

Compares this string with the other string and returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if this string is less than, equal to, or greater than the other string.

The comparison is performed in a locale- and also platform-dependent manner. Use this function to present sorted lists of strings to the user.

Same as `localeAwareCompare(*this, other)`.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

See also Comparing Strings.

### `[static, since 6.0]` int QString::localeAwareCompare(QStringView s1, QStringView s2)

This function overloads localeAwareCompare().

Compares s1 with s2 and returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if s1 is less than, equal to, or greater than s2.

The comparison is performed in a locale- and also platform-dependent manner. Use this function to present sorted lists of strings to the user.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

See also Comparing Strings.

### QString QString::mid(qsizetype position, qsizetype n = -1) const

Returns a string that contains n characters of this string, starting at the specified position index.

If you know that position and n cannot be out of bounds, use sliced() instead in new code, because it is faster.

Returns a null string if the position index exceeds the length of the string. If there are less than n characters available in the string starting at the given position, or if n is -1 (default), the function returns all characters that are available from the specified position.

See also first(), last(), sliced(), chopped(), chop(), and truncate().

### QString QString::normalized(NormalizationForm mode, QChar::UnicodeVersion version = QChar::Unicode_Unassigned) const

Returns the string in the given Unicode normalization mode, according to the given version of the Unicode standard.

### `[static]` QString QString::number(long n, int base = 10)

Returns a string equivalent of the number n according to the specified base.

The base is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36. For bases other than 10, n is treated as an unsigned integer.

The formatting always uses QLocale::C, i.e., English/UnitedStates. To get a localized string representation of a number, use QLocale::toString() with the appropriate locale.

     long a = 63;
     QString s = QString::number(a, 16);             // s == "3f"
     QString t = QString::number(a, 16).toUpper();     // t == "3F"

See also setNum().

### `[static]` QString QString::number(int n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### `[static]` QString QString::number(uint n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### `[static]` QString QString::number(ulong n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### `[static]` QString QString::number(qlonglong n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### `[static]` QString QString::number(qulonglong n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### `[static]` QString QString::number(double n, char format = 'g', int precision = 6)

Returns a string representing the floating-point number n.

Returns a string that represents n, formatted according to the specified format and precision.

For formats with an exponent, the exponent will show its sign and have at least two digits, left-padding the exponent with zero if needed.

See also setNum(), QLocale::toString(), QLocale::FloatingPointPrecisionOption, and Number Formats.

### QString &QString::prepend(const QString &str)

Prepends the string str to the beginning of this string and returns a reference to this string.

This operation is typically very fast (constant time), because QString preallocates extra space at the beginning of the string data, so it can grow without reallocating the entire string each time.

Example:

     QString x = "ship";
     QString y = "air";
     x.prepend(y);
     // x == "airship"

See also append() and insert().

### QString &QString::prepend(QChar ch)

This function overloads prepend().

Prepends the character ch to this string.

### `[since 5.5]` QString &QString::prepend(const QChar *str, qsizetype len)

This function overloads prepend().

Prepends len characters from the QChar array str to this string and returns a reference to this string.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.5.

### `[since 6.0]` QString &QString::prepend(QStringView str)

This function overloads prepend().

Prepends the string view str to the beginning of this string and returns a reference to this string.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### QString &QString::prepend(QLatin1StringView str)

This function overloads prepend().

Prepends the Latin-1 string str to this string.

### QString &QString::prepend(const char *str)

This function overloads prepend().

Prepends the string str to this string. The const char pointer is converted to Unicode using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this function by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### QString &QString::prepend(const QByteArray &ba)

This function overloads prepend().

Prepends the byte array ba to this string. The byte array is converted to Unicode using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this function by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### void QString::push_back(const QString &other)

This function is provided for STL compatibility, appending the given other string onto the end of this string. It is equivalent to `append(other)`.

See also append().

### void QString::push_back(QChar ch)

This is an overloaded function.

Appends the given ch character onto the end of this string.

### void QString::push_front(const QString &other)

This function is provided for STL compatibility, prepending the given other string to the beginning of this string. It is equivalent to `prepend(other)`.

See also prepend().

### void QString::push_front(QChar ch)

This is an overloaded function.

Prepends the given ch character to the beginning of this string.

### `[since 5.6]` reverse_iterator QString::rbegin()

Returns a STL-style reverse iterator pointing to the first character in the string, in reverse order.

Warning: The returned iterator is invalidated on detachment or when the QString is modified.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.6.

See also begin(), crbegin(), and rend().

### `[since 5.6]` const_reverse_iterator QString::rbegin() const

This is an overloaded function.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.6.

### QString &QString::remove(qsizetype position, qsizetype n)

Removes n characters from the string, starting at the given position index, and returns a reference to the string.

If the specified position index is within the string, but position + n is beyond the end of the string, the string is truncated at the specified position.

     QString s = "Montreal";
     s.remove(1, 4);
     // s == "Meal"

Element removal will preserve the string's capacity and not reduce the amount of allocated memory. To shed extra capacity and free as much memory as possible, call squeeze() after the last change to the string's size.

See also insert() and replace().

### QString &QString::remove(QChar ch, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

Removes every occurrence of the character ch in this string, and returns a reference to this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Example:

     QString t = "Ali Baba";
     t.remove(QChar('a'), Qt::CaseInsensitive);
     // t == "li Bb"

This is the same as `replace(ch, "", cs)`.

Element removal will preserve the string's capacity and not reduce the amount of allocated memory. To shed extra capacity and free as much memory as possible, call squeeze() after the last change to the string's size.

See also replace().

### `[since 5.11]` QString &QString::remove(QLatin1StringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This is an overloaded function.

Removes every occurrence of the given str string in this string, and returns a reference to this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

This is the same as `replace(str, "", cs)`.

Element removal will preserve the string's capacity and not reduce the amount of allocated memory. To shed extra capacity and free as much memory as possible, call squeeze() after the last change to the string's size.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.11.

See also replace().

### QString &QString::remove(const QString &str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

Removes every occurrence of the given str string in this string, and returns a reference to this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

This is the same as `replace(str, "", cs)`.

Element removal will preserve the string's capacity and not reduce the amount of allocated memory. To shed extra capacity and free as much memory as possible, call squeeze() after the last change to the string's size.

See also replace().

### `[since 5.0]` QString &QString::remove(const QRegularExpression &re)

Removes every occurrence of the regular expression re in the string, and returns a reference to the string. For example:

     QString r = "Telephone";
     r.remove(QRegularExpression("[aeiou]."));
     // r == "The"

Element removal will preserve the string's capacity and not reduce the amount of allocated memory. To shed extra capacity and free as much memory as possible, call squeeze() after the last change to the string's size.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.0.

See also indexOf(), lastIndexOf(), and replace().

### `[since 6.1]` template <typename Predicate> QString &QString::removeIf(Predicate pred)

Removes all elements for which the predicate pred returns true from the string. Returns a reference to the string.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.1.

See also remove().

### `[since 5.6]` reverse_iterator QString::rend()

Returns a STL-style reverse iterator pointing just after the last character in the string, in reverse order.

Warning: The returned iterator is invalidated on detachment or when the QString is modified.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.6.

See also end(), crend(), and rbegin().

### `[since 5.6]` const_reverse_iterator QString::rend() const

This is an overloaded function.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.6.

### QString QString::repeated(qsizetype times) const

Returns a copy of this string repeated the specified number of times.

If times is less than 1, an empty string is returned.

Example:

     QString str("ab");
     str.repeated(4);            // returns "abababab"

### QString &QString::replace(qsizetype position, qsizetype n, const QString &after)

Replaces n characters beginning at index position with the string after and returns a reference to this string.

Note: If the specified position index is within the string, but position + n goes outside the strings range, then n will be adjusted to stop at the end of the string.

Example:

     QString x = "Say yes!";
     QString y = "no";
     x.replace(4, 3, y);
     // x == "Say no!"

See also insert() and remove().

### QString &QString::replace(qsizetype position, qsizetype n, QChar after)

This function overloads replace().

Replaces n characters beginning at index position with the character after and returns a reference to this string.

### QString &QString::replace(qsizetype position, qsizetype n, const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size)

This function overloads replace().

Replaces n characters beginning at index position with the first size characters of the QChar array unicode and returns a reference to this string.

### QString &QString::replace(QChar before, QChar after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads replace().

Replaces every occurrence of the character before with the character after and returns a reference to this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

### QString &QString::replace(const QChar *before, qsizetype blen, const QChar *after, qsizetype alen, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads replace().

Replaces each occurrence in this string of the first blen characters of before with the first alen characters of after and returns a reference to this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

### QString &QString::replace(QLatin1StringView before, QLatin1StringView after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads replace().

Replaces every occurrence of the string before with the string after and returns a reference to this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Note: The text is not rescanned after a replacement.

### QString &QString::replace(QLatin1StringView before, const QString &after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads replace().

Replaces every occurrence of the string before with the string after and returns a reference to this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Note: The text is not rescanned after a replacement.

### QString &QString::replace(const QString &before, QLatin1StringView after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads replace().

Replaces every occurrence of the string before with the string after and returns a reference to this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Note: The text is not rescanned after a replacement.

### QString &QString::replace(const QString &before, const QString &after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads replace().

Replaces every occurrence of the string before with the string after and returns a reference to this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Example:

     QString str = "colour behaviour flavour neighbour";
     str.replace(QString("ou"), QString("o"));
     // str == "color behavior flavor neighbor"

Note: The replacement text is not rescanned after it is inserted.

Example:

     QString equis = "xxxxxx";
     equis.replace("xx", "x");
     // equis == "xxx"

### QString &QString::replace(QChar ch, const QString &after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads replace().

Replaces every occurrence of the character ch in the string with after and returns a reference to this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

### QString &QString::replace(QChar c, QLatin1StringView after, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive)

This function overloads replace().

Replaces every occurrence of the character c with the string after and returns a reference to this string.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

Note: The text is not rescanned after a replacement.

### `[since 5.0]` QString &QString::replace(const QRegularExpression &re, const QString &after)

This function overloads replace().

Replaces every occurrence of the regular expression re in the string with after. Returns a reference to the string. For example:

     QString s = "Banana";
     s.replace(QRegularExpression("a[mn]"), "ox");
     // s == "Boxoxa"

For regular expressions containing capturing groups, occurrences of \1, \2, ..., in after are replaced with the string captured by the corresponding capturing group.

     QString t = "A <i>bon mot</i>.";
     t.replace(QRegularExpression("<i>([^<]*)</i>"), "\\emph{\\1}");
     // t == "A \\emph{bon mot}."

This function was introduced in Qt 5.0.

See also indexOf(), lastIndexOf(), remove(), QRegularExpression, and QRegularExpressionMatch.

### void QString::reserve(qsizetype size)

Ensures the string has space for at least size characters.

If you know in advance how large the string will be, you can call this function to save repeated reallocation in the course of building it. This can improve performance when building a string incrementally. A long sequence of operations that add to a string may trigger several reallocations, the last of which may leave you with significantly more space than you really need, which is less efficient than doing a single allocation of the right size at the start.

If in doubt about how much space shall be needed, it is usually better to use an upper bound as size, or a high estimate of the most likely size, if a strict upper bound would be much bigger than this. If size is an underestimate, the string will grow as needed once the reserved size is exceeded, which may lead to a larger allocation than your best overestimate would have and will slow the operation that triggers it.

Warning: reserve() reserves memory but does not change the size of the string. Accessing data beyond the end of the string is undefined behavior. If you need to access memory beyond the current end of the string, use resize().

This function is useful for code that needs to build up a long string and wants to avoid repeated reallocation. In this example, we want to add to the string until some condition is `true`, and we're fairly sure that size is large enough to make a call to reserve() worthwhile:

     QString result;
     qsizetype maxSize;
     bool condition;
     QChar nextChar;

     result.reserve(maxSize);

     while (condition)
         result.append(nextChar);

     result.squeeze();

See also squeeze(), capacity(), and resize().

### void QString::resize(qsizetype size)

Sets the size of the string to size characters.

If size is greater than the current size, the string is extended to make it size characters long with the extra characters added to the end. The new characters are uninitialized.

If size is less than the current size, characters beyond position size are excluded from the string.

Note: While resize() will grow the capacity if needed, it never shrinks capacity. To shed excess capacity, use squeeze().

Example:

     QString s = "Hello world";
     s.resize(5);
     // s == "Hello"

     s.resize(8);
     // s == "Hello???" (where ? stands for any character)

If you want to append a certain number of identical characters to the string, use the resize(qsizetype, QChar) overload.

If you want to expand the string so that it reaches a certain width and fill the new positions with a particular character, use the leftJustified() function:

If size is negative, it is equivalent to passing zero.

     QString r = "Hello";
     r = r.leftJustified(10, ' ');
     // r == "Hello     "

See also truncate(), reserve(), and squeeze().

### `[since 5.7]` void QString::resize(qsizetype newSize, QChar fillChar)

This is an overloaded function.

Unlike resize(qsizetype), this overload initializes the new characters to fillChar:

     QString t = "Hello";
     r.resize(t.size() + 10, 'X');
     // t == "HelloXXXXXXXXXX"

This function was introduced in Qt 5.7.

### QString QString::right(qsizetype n) const

Returns a substring that contains the n rightmost characters of the string.

If you know that n cannot be out of bounds, use last() instead in new code, because it is faster.

The entire string is returned if n is greater than or equal to size(), or less than zero.

See also endsWith(), last(), first(), sliced(), chopped(), chop(), and truncate().

### QString QString::rightJustified(qsizetype width, QChar fill = u' ', bool truncate = false) const

Returns a string of size() width that contains the fill character followed by the string. For example:

     QString s = "apple";
     QString t = s.rightJustified(8, '.');    // t == "...apple"

If truncate is `false` and the size() of the string is more than width, then the returned string is a copy of the string.

If truncate is true and the size() of the string is more than width, then the resulting string is truncated at position width.

     QString str = "Pineapple";
     str = str.rightJustified(5, '.', true);    // str == "Pinea"

See also leftJustified().

### QString QString::section(QChar sep, qsizetype start, qsizetype end = -1, SectionFlags flags = SectionDefault) const

This function returns a section of the string.

This string is treated as a sequence of fields separated by the character, sep. The returned string consists of the fields from position start to position end inclusive. If end is not specified, all fields from position start to the end of the string are included. Fields are numbered 0, 1, 2, etc., counting from the left, and -1, -2, etc., counting from right to left.

The flags argument can be used to affect some aspects of the function's behavior, e.g. whether to be case sensitive, whether to skip empty fields and how to deal with leading and trailing separators; see SectionFlags.

     QString str;
     QString csv = "forename,middlename,surname,phone";
     QString path = "/usr/local/bin/myapp"; // First field is empty
     QString::SectionFlag flag = QString::SectionSkipEmpty;

     str = csv.section(',', 2, 2);   // str == "surname"
     str = path.section('/', 3, 4);  // str == "bin/myapp"
     str = path.section('/', 3, 3, flag); // str == "myapp"

If start or end is negative, we count fields from the right of the string, the right-most field being -1, the one from right-most field being -2, and so on.

     str = csv.section(',', -3, -2);  // str == "middlename,surname"
     str = path.section('/', -1); // str == "myapp"

See also split().

### QString QString::section(const QString &sep, qsizetype start, qsizetype end = -1, SectionFlags flags = SectionDefault) const

This function overloads section().

     QString str;
     QString data = "forename**middlename**surname**phone";

     str = data.section("**", 2, 2); // str == "surname"
     str = data.section("**", -3, -2); // str == "middlename**surname"

See also split().

### `[since 5.0]` QString QString::section(const QRegularExpression &re, qsizetype start, qsizetype end = -1, SectionFlags flags = SectionDefault) const

This function overloads section().

This string is treated as a sequence of fields separated by the regular expression, re.

     QString line = "forename\tmiddlename  surname \t \t phone";
     QRegularExpression sep("\\s+");
     str = line.section(sep, 2, 2); // str == "surname"
     str = line.section(sep, -3, -2); // str == "middlename  surname"

Warning: Using this QRegularExpression version is much more expensive than the overloaded string and character versions.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.0.

See also split() and simplified().

### QString &QString::setNum(int n, int base = 10)

Sets the string to the printed value of n in the specified base, and returns a reference to the string.

The base is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36.

     QString str;
     str.setNum(1234);       // str == "1234"

The formatting always uses QLocale::C, i.e., English/UnitedStates. To get a localized string representation of a number, use QLocale::toString() with the appropriate locale.

See also number().

### QString &QString::setNum(short n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### QString &QString::setNum(ushort n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### QString &QString::setNum(uint n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### QString &QString::setNum(long n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### QString &QString::setNum(ulong n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### QString &QString::setNum(qlonglong n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### QString &QString::setNum(qulonglong n, int base = 10)

This is an overloaded function.

### QString &QString::setNum(float n, char format = 'g', int precision = 6)

This is an overloaded function.

Sets the string to the printed value of n, formatted according to the given format and precision, and returns a reference to the string.

The formatting always uses QLocale::C, i.e., English/UnitedStates. To get a localized string representation of a number, use QLocale::toString() with the appropriate locale.

See also number().

### QString &QString::setNum(double n, char format = 'g', int precision = 6)

This is an overloaded function.

Sets the string to the printed value of n, formatted according to the given format and precision, and returns a reference to the string.

See also number(), QLocale::FloatingPointPrecisionOption, and Number Formats.

### QString &QString::setRawData(const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size)

Resets the QString to use the first size Unicode characters in the array unicode. The data in unicode is not copied. The caller must be able to guarantee that unicode will not be deleted or modified as long as the QString (or an unmodified copy of it) exists.

This function can be used instead of fromRawData() to re-use existings QString objects to save memory re-allocations.

See also fromRawData().

### QString &QString::setUnicode(const QChar *unicode, qsizetype size)

Resizes the string to size characters and copies unicode into the string.

If unicode is `nullptr`, nothing is copied, but the string is still resized to size.

See also unicode() and setUtf16().

### QString &QString::setUtf16(const ushort *unicode, qsizetype size)

Resizes the string to size characters and copies unicode into the string.

If unicode is `nullptr`, nothing is copied, but the string is still resized to size.

Note that unlike fromUtf16(), this function does not consider BOMs and possibly differing byte ordering.

See also utf16() and setUnicode().

### `[since 5.10]` void QString::shrink_to_fit()

This function is provided for STL compatibility. It is equivalent to squeeze().

This function was introduced in Qt 5.10.

See also squeeze().

### QString QString::simplified() const

Returns a string that has whitespace removed from the start and the end, and that has each sequence of internal whitespace replaced with a single space.

Whitespace means any character for which QChar::isSpace() returns `true`. This includes the ASCII characters '\t', '\n', '\v', '\f', '\r', and ' '.

Example:

     QString str = "  lots\t of\nwhitespace\r\n ";
     str = str.simplified();
     // str == "lots of whitespace";

See also trimmed().

### qsizetype QString::size() const

Returns the number of characters in this string.

The last character in the string is at position size() - 1.

Example:

     QString str = "World";
     qsizetype n = str.size();   // n == 5
     str.data()[0];              // returns 'W'
     str.data()[4];              // returns 'd'

See also isEmpty() and resize().

### `[since 6.0]` QString QString::sliced(qsizetype pos, qsizetype n) const

Returns a string that contains n characters of this string, starting at position pos.

Note: The behavior is undefined when pos < 0, n < 0, or pos + n > size().

     QString x = "Nine pineapples";
     QString y = x.sliced(5, 4);            // y == "pine"
     QString z = x.sliced(5);               // z == "pineapples"

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

See also first(), last(), chopped(), chop(), and truncate().

### `[since 6.0]` QString QString::sliced(qsizetype pos) const

This is an overloaded function.

Returns a string that contains the portion of this string starting at position pos and extending to its end.

Note: The behavior is undefined when pos < 0 or pos > size().

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

See also first(), last(), sliced(), chopped(), chop(), and truncate().

### `[since 5.14]` QStringList QString::split(const QString &sep, Qt::SplitBehavior behavior = Qt::KeepEmptyParts, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

Splits the string into substrings wherever sep occurs, and returns the list of those strings. If sep does not match anywhere in the string, split() returns a single-element list containing this string.

cs specifies whether sep should be matched case sensitively or case insensitively.

If behavior is Qt::SkipEmptyParts, empty entries don't appear in the result. By default, empty entries are kept.

Example:

     QString str = QStringLiteral("a,,b,c");

     QStringList list1 = str.split(u',');
     // list1: [ "a", "", "b", "c" ]

     QStringList list2 = str.split(u',', Qt::SkipEmptyParts);
     // list2: [ "a", "b", "c" ]

If sep is empty, split() returns an empty string, followed by each of the string's characters, followed by another empty string:

     QString str = "abc";
     auto parts = str.split(QString());
     // parts: {"", "a", "b", "c", ""}

To understand this behavior, recall that the empty string matches everywhere, so the above is qualitatively the same as:

     QString str = "/a/b/c/";
     auto parts = str.split(u'/');
     // parts: {"", "a", "b", "c", ""}

This function was introduced in Qt 5.14.

See also QStringList::join() and section().

### `[since 5.14]` QStringList QString::split(QChar sep, Qt::SplitBehavior behavior = Qt::KeepEmptyParts, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This is an overloaded function.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.14.

### `[since 5.14]` QStringList QString::split(const QRegularExpression &re, Qt::SplitBehavior behavior = Qt::KeepEmptyParts) const

This is an overloaded function.

Splits the string into substrings wherever the regular expression re matches, and returns the list of those strings. If re does not match anywhere in the string, split() returns a single-element list containing this string.

Here is an example where we extract the words in a sentence using one or more whitespace characters as the separator:

     QString str;
     QStringList list;

     str = "Some  text\n\twith  strange whitespace.";
     list = str.split(QRegularExpression("\\s+"));
     // list: [ "Some", "text", "with", "strange", "whitespace." ]

Here is a similar example, but this time we use any sequence of non-word characters as the separator:

     str = "This time, a normal English sentence.";
     list = str.split(QRegularExpression("\\W+"), Qt::SkipEmptyParts);
     // list: [ "This", "time", "a", "normal", "English", "sentence" ]

Here is a third example where we use a zero-length assertion, \b (word boundary), to split the string into an alternating sequence of non-word and word tokens:

     str = "Now: this sentence fragment.";
     list = str.split(QRegularExpression("\\b"));
     // list: [ "", "Now", ": ", "this", " ", "sentence", " ", "fragment", "." ]

This function was introduced in Qt 5.14.

See also QStringList::join() and section().

### void QString::squeeze()

Releases any memory not required to store the character data.

The sole purpose of this function is to provide a means of fine tuning QString's memory usage. In general, you will rarely ever need to call this function.

See also reserve() and capacity().

### bool QString::startsWith(const QString &s, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

Returns `true` if the string starts with s; otherwise returns `false`.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

     QString str = "Bananas";
     str.startsWith("Ban");     // returns true
     str.startsWith("Car");     // returns false

See also endsWith().

### `[since 5.10]` bool QString::startsWith(QStringView str, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This is an overloaded function.

Returns `true` if the string starts with the string view str; otherwise returns `false`.

If cs is Qt::CaseSensitive (default), the search is case-sensitive; otherwise the search is case insensitive.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.10.

See also endsWith().

### bool QString::startsWith(QLatin1StringView s, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads startsWith().

### bool QString::startsWith(QChar c, Qt::CaseSensitivity cs = Qt::CaseSensitive) const

This function overloads startsWith().

Returns `true` if the string starts with c; otherwise returns `false`.

### void QString::swap(QString &other)

Swaps string other with this string. This operation is very fast and never fails.

### `[since 5.2]` CFStringRef QString::toCFString() const

Creates a CFString from a QString.

The caller owns the CFString and is responsible for releasing it.

Note: this function is only available on macOS and iOS.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.2.

### QString QString::toCaseFolded() const

Returns the case folded equivalent of the string. For most Unicode characters this is the same as toLower().

### double QString::toDouble(bool *ok = nullptr) const

Returns the string converted to a `double` value.

Returns an infinity if the conversion overflows or 0.0 if the conversion fails for other reasons (e.g. underflow).

If ok is not `nullptr`, failure is reported by setting *ok to `false`, and success by setting *ok to `true`.

     QString str = "1234.56";
     double val = str.toDouble();   // val == 1234.56

Warning: The QString content may only contain valid numerical characters which includes the plus/minus sign, the character e used in scientific notation, and the decimal point. Including the unit or additional characters leads to a conversion error.

     bool ok;
     double d;

     d = QString( "1234.56e-02" ).toDouble(&ok); // ok == true, d == 12.3456

     d = QString( "1234.56e-02 Volt" ).toDouble(&ok); // ok == false, d == 0

The string conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent conversion use QLocale::toDouble()

     d = QString( "1234,56" ).toDouble(&ok); // ok == false
     d = QString( "1234.56" ).toDouble(&ok); // ok == true, d == 1234.56

For historical reasons, this function does not handle thousands group separators. If you need to convert such numbers, use QLocale::toDouble().

     d = QString( "1,234,567.89" ).toDouble(&ok); // ok == false
     d = QString( "1234567.89" ).toDouble(&ok); // ok == true

This function ignores leading and trailing whitespace.

See also number(), QLocale::setDefault(), QLocale::toDouble(), and trimmed().

### float QString::toFloat(bool *ok = nullptr) const

Returns the string converted to a `float` value.

Returns an infinity if the conversion overflows or 0.0 if the conversion fails for other reasons (e.g. underflow).

If ok is not `nullptr`, failure is reported by setting *ok to `false`, and success by setting *ok to `true`.

Warning: The QString content may only contain valid numerical characters which includes the plus/minus sign, the character e used in scientific notation, and the decimal point. Including the unit or additional characters leads to a conversion error.

The string conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent conversion use QLocale::toFloat()

For historical reasons, this function does not handle thousands group separators. If you need to convert such numbers, use QLocale::toFloat().

Example:

     QString str1 = "1234.56";
     str1.toFloat();             // returns 1234.56

     bool ok;
     QString str2 = "R2D2";
     str2.toFloat(&ok);          // returns 0.0, sets ok to false

     QString str3 = "1234.56 Volt";
     str3.toFloat(&ok);          // returns 0.0, sets ok to false

This function ignores leading and trailing whitespace.

See also number(), toDouble(), toInt(), QLocale::toFloat(), and trimmed().

### `[since 5.0]` QString QString::toHtmlEscaped() const

Converts a plain text string to an HTML string with HTML metacharacters `<`, `>`, `&`, and `"` replaced by HTML entities.

Example:

     QString plain = "#include <QtCore>"
     QString html = plain.toHtmlEscaped();
     // html == "#include &lt;QtCore&gt;"

This function was introduced in Qt 5.0.

### int QString::toInt(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const

Returns the string converted to an `int` using base base, which is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36, or 0. Returns 0 if the conversion fails.

If ok is not `nullptr`, failure is reported by setting *ok to `false`, and success by setting *ok to `true`.

If base is 0, the C language convention is used: if the string begins with "0x", base 16 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0b", base 2 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0", base 8 is used; otherwise, base 10 is used.

The string conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent conversion use QLocale::toInt()

Example:

     QString str = "FF";
     bool ok;
     int hex = str.toInt(&ok, 16);       // hex == 255, ok == true
     int dec = str.toInt(&ok, 10);       // dec == 0, ok == false

This function ignores leading and trailing whitespace.

Note: Support for the "0b" prefix was added in Qt 6.4.

See also number(), toUInt(), toDouble(), and QLocale::toInt().

### QByteArray QString::toLatin1() const

Returns a Latin-1 representation of the string as a QByteArray.

The returned byte array is undefined if the string contains non-Latin1 characters. Those characters may be suppressed or replaced with a question mark.

See also fromLatin1(), toUtf8(), toLocal8Bit(), and QStringEncoder.

### QByteArray QString::toLocal8Bit() const

Returns the local 8-bit representation of the string as a QByteArray. The returned byte array is undefined if the string contains characters not supported by the local 8-bit encoding.

On Unix systems this is equivalen to toUtf8(), on Windows the systems current code page is being used.

If this string contains any characters that cannot be encoded in the locale, the returned byte array is undefined. Those characters may be suppressed or replaced by another.

See also fromLocal8Bit(), toLatin1(), toUtf8(), and QStringEncoder.

### long QString::toLong(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const

Returns the string converted to a `long` using base base, which is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36, or 0. Returns 0 if the conversion fails.

If ok is not `nullptr`, failure is reported by setting *ok to `false`, and success by setting *ok to `true`.

If base is 0, the C language convention is used: if the string begins with "0x", base 16 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0b", base 2 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0", base 8 is used; otherwise, base 10 is used.

The string conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent conversion use QLocale::toLongLong()

Example:

     QString str = "FF";
     bool ok;

     long hex = str.toLong(&ok, 16);     // hex == 255, ok == true
     long dec = str.toLong(&ok, 10);     // dec == 0, ok == false

This function ignores leading and trailing whitespace.

Note: Support for the "0b" prefix was added in Qt 6.4.

See also number(), toULong(), toInt(), and QLocale::toInt().

### qlonglong QString::toLongLong(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const

Returns the string converted to a `long long` using base base, which is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36, or 0. Returns 0 if the conversion fails.

If ok is not `nullptr`, failure is reported by setting *ok to `false`, and success by setting *ok to `true`.

If base is 0, the C language convention is used: if the string begins with "0x", base 16 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0b", base 2 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0", base 8 is used; otherwise, base 10 is used.

The string conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent conversion use QLocale::toLongLong()

Example:

     QString str = "FF";
     bool ok;

     qint64 hex = str.toLongLong(&ok, 16);      // hex == 255, ok == true
     qint64 dec = str.toLongLong(&ok, 10);      // dec == 0, ok == false

This function ignores leading and trailing whitespace.

Note: Support for the "0b" prefix was added in Qt 6.4.

See also number(), toULongLong(), toInt(), and QLocale::toLongLong().

### QString QString::toLower() const

Returns a lowercase copy of the string.

     QString str = "The Qt PROJECT";
     str = str.toLower();        // str == "the qt project"

The case conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent case folding use QLocale::toLower()

See also toUpper() and QLocale::toLower().

### `[since 5.2]` NSString *QString::toNSString() const

Creates a NSString from a QString.

The NSString is autoreleased.

Note: this function is only available on macOS and iOS.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.2.

### short QString::toShort(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const

Returns the string converted to a `short` using base base, which is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36, or 0. Returns 0 if the conversion fails.

If ok is not `nullptr`, failure is reported by setting *ok to `false`, and success by setting *ok to `true`.

If base is 0, the C language convention is used: if the string begins with "0x", base 16 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0b", base 2 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0", base 8 is used; otherwise, base 10 is used.

The string conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent conversion use QLocale::toShort()

Example:

     QString str = "FF";
     bool ok;

     short hex = str.toShort(&ok, 16);   // hex == 255, ok == true
     short dec = str.toShort(&ok, 10);   // dec == 0, ok == false

This function ignores leading and trailing whitespace.

Note: Support for the "0b" prefix was added in Qt 6.4.

See also number(), toUShort(), toInt(), and QLocale::toShort().

### std::string QString::toStdString() const

Returns a std::string object with the data contained in this QString. The Unicode data is converted into 8-bit characters using the toUtf8() function.

This method is mostly useful to pass a QString to a function that accepts a std::string object.

See also toLatin1(), toUtf8(), toLocal8Bit(), and QByteArray::toStdString().

### `[since 5.5]` std::u16string QString::toStdU16String() const

Returns a std::u16string object with the data contained in this QString. The Unicode data is the same as returned by the utf16() method.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.5.

See also utf16(), toStdWString(), and toStdU32String().

### `[since 5.5]` std::u32string QString::toStdU32String() const

Returns a std::u32string object with the data contained in this QString. The Unicode data is the same as returned by the toUcs4() method.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.5.

See also toUcs4(), toStdWString(), and toStdU16String().

### std::wstring QString::toStdWString() const

Returns a std::wstring object with the data contained in this QString. The std::wstring is encoded in utf16 on platforms where wchar_t is 2 bytes wide (e.g. windows) and in ucs4 on platforms where wchar_t is 4 bytes wide (most Unix systems).

This method is mostly useful to pass a QString to a function that accepts a std::wstring object.

See also utf16(), toLatin1(), toUtf8(), toLocal8Bit(), toStdU16String(), and toStdU32String().

### uint QString::toUInt(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const

Returns the string converted to an `unsigned int` using base base, which is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36, or 0. Returns 0 if the conversion fails.

If ok is not `nullptr`, failure is reported by setting *ok to `false`, and success by setting *ok to `true`.

If base is 0, the C language convention is used: if the string begins with "0x", base 16 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0b", base 2 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0", base 8 is used; otherwise, base 10 is used.

The string conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent conversion use QLocale::toUInt()

Example:

     QString str = "FF";
     bool ok;

     uint hex = str.toUInt(&ok, 16);     // hex == 255, ok == true
     uint dec = str.toUInt(&ok, 10);     // dec == 0, ok == false

This function ignores leading and trailing whitespace.

Note: Support for the "0b" prefix was added in Qt 6.4.

See also number(), toInt(), and QLocale::toUInt().

### ulong QString::toULong(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const

Returns the string converted to an `unsigned long` using base base, which is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36, or 0. Returns 0 if the conversion fails.

If ok is not `nullptr`, failure is reported by setting *ok to `false`, and success by setting *ok to `true`.

If base is 0, the C language convention is used: if the string begins with "0x", base 16 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0b", base 2 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0", base 8 is used; otherwise, base 10 is used.

The string conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent conversion use QLocale::toULongLong()

Example:

     QString str = "FF";
     bool ok;

     ulong hex = str.toULong(&ok, 16);   // hex == 255, ok == true
     ulong dec = str.toULong(&ok, 10);   // dec == 0, ok == false

This function ignores leading and trailing whitespace.

Note: Support for the "0b" prefix was added in Qt 6.4.

See also number() and QLocale::toUInt().

### qulonglong QString::toULongLong(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const

Returns the string converted to an `unsigned long long` using base base, which is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36, or 0. Returns 0 if the conversion fails.

If ok is not `nullptr`, failure is reported by setting *ok to `false`, and success by setting *ok to `true`.

If base is 0, the C language convention is used: if the string begins with "0x", base 16 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0b", base 2 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0", base 8 is used; otherwise, base 10 is used.

The string conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent conversion use QLocale::toULongLong()

Example:

     QString str = "FF";
     bool ok;

     quint64 hex = str.toULongLong(&ok, 16);    // hex == 255, ok == true
     quint64 dec = str.toULongLong(&ok, 10);    // dec == 0, ok == false

This function ignores leading and trailing whitespace.

Note: Support for the "0b" prefix was added in Qt 6.4.

See also number(), toLongLong(), and QLocale::toULongLong().

### ushort QString::toUShort(bool *ok = nullptr, int base = 10) const

Returns the string converted to an `unsigned short` using base base, which is 10 by default and must be between 2 and 36, or 0. Returns 0 if the conversion fails.

If ok is not `nullptr`, failure is reported by setting *ok to `false`, and success by setting *ok to `true`.

If base is 0, the C language convention is used: if the string begins with "0x", base 16 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0b", base 2 is used; otherwise, if the string begins with "0", base 8 is used; otherwise, base 10 is used.

The string conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent conversion use QLocale::toUShort()

Example:

     QString str = "FF";
     bool ok;

     ushort hex = str.toUShort(&ok, 16);     // hex == 255, ok == true
     ushort dec = str.toUShort(&ok, 10);     // dec == 0, ok == false

This function ignores leading and trailing whitespace.

Note: Support for the "0b" prefix was added in Qt 6.4.

See also number(), toShort(), and QLocale::toUShort().

### QList<uint> QString::toUcs4() const

Returns a UCS-4/UTF-32 representation of the string as a QList<uint>.

UCS-4 is a Unicode codec and therefore it is lossless. All characters from this string will be encoded in UCS-4. Any invalid sequence of code units in this string is replaced by the Unicode's replacement character (QChar::ReplacementCharacter, which corresponds to `U+FFFD`).

The returned list is not \0'-terminated.

See also fromUtf8(), toUtf8(), toLatin1(), toLocal8Bit(), QStringEncoder, fromUcs4(), and toWCharArray().

### QString QString::toUpper() const

Returns an uppercase copy of the string.

     QString str = "TeXt";
     str = str.toUpper();        // str == "TEXT"

The case conversion will always happen in the 'C' locale. For locale-dependent case folding use QLocale::toUpper()

See also toLower() and QLocale::toLower().

### QByteArray QString::toUtf8() const

Returns a UTF-8 representation of the string as a QByteArray.

UTF-8 is a Unicode codec and can represent all characters in a Unicode string like QString.

See also fromUtf8(), toLatin1(), toLocal8Bit(), and QStringEncoder.

### qsizetype QString::toWCharArray(wchar_t *array) const

Fills the array with the data contained in this QString object. The array is encoded in UTF-16 on platforms where wchar_t is 2 bytes wide (e.g. windows) and in UCS-4 on platforms where wchar_t is 4 bytes wide (most Unix systems).

array has to be allocated by the caller and contain enough space to hold the complete string (allocating the array with the same length as the string is always sufficient).

This function returns the actual length of the string in array.

Note: This function does not append a null character to the array.

See also utf16(), toUcs4(), toLatin1(), toUtf8(), toLocal8Bit(), toStdWString(), and QStringView::toWCharArray().

### QString QString::trimmed() const

Returns a string that has whitespace removed from the start and the end.

Whitespace means any character for which QChar::isSpace() returns `true`. This includes the ASCII characters '\t', '\n', '\v', '\f', '\r', and ' '.

Example:

     QString str = "  lots\t of\nwhitespace\r\n ";
     str = str.trimmed();
     // str == "lots\t of\nwhitespace"

Unlike simplified(), trimmed() leaves internal whitespace alone.

See also simplified().

### void QString::truncate(qsizetype position)

Truncates the string at the given position index.

If the specified position index is beyond the end of the string, nothing happens.

Example:

     QString str = "Vladivostok";
     str.truncate(4);
     // str == "Vlad"

If position is negative, it is equivalent to passing zero.

See also chop(), resize(), first(), and QStringView::truncate().

### const QChar *QString::unicode() const

Returns a Unicode representation of the string. The result remains valid until the string is modified.

Note: The returned string may not be '\0'-terminated. Use size() to determine the length of the array.

See also setUnicode(), utf16(), and fromRawData().

### const ushort *QString::utf16() const

Returns the QString as a '\0'-terminated array of unsigned shorts. The result remains valid until the string is modified.

The returned string is in host byte order.

See also setUtf16() and unicode().

### `[static, since 5.5]` QString QString::vasprintf(const char *cformat, va_list ap)

Equivalent method to asprintf(), but takes a va_list ap instead a list of variable arguments. See the asprintf() documentation for an explanation of cformat.

This method does not call the va_end macro, the caller is responsible to call va_end on ap.

This function was introduced in Qt 5.5.

See also asprintf().

### bool QString::operator!=(const char *other) const

This function overloads operator!=().

The other const char pointer is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### bool QString::operator!=(const QByteArray &other) const

This function overloads operator!=().

The other byte array is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function. If any NUL characters ('\0') are embedded in the byte array, they will be included in the transformation.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### QString &QString::operator+=(const QString &other)

Appends the string other onto the end of this string and returns a reference to this string.

Example:

     QString x = "free";
     QString y = "dom";
     x += y;
     // x == "freedom"

This operation is typically very fast (constant time), because QString preallocates extra space at the end of the string data so it can grow without reallocating the entire string each time.

See also append() and prepend().

### QString &QString::operator+=(QChar ch)

This function overloads operator+=().

Appends the character ch to the string.

### `[since 6.0]` QString &QString::operator+=(QStringView str)

This function overloads operator+=().

Appends the string view str to this string.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### QString &QString::operator+=(QLatin1StringView str)

This function overloads operator+=().

Appends the Latin-1 string str to this string.

### QString &QString::operator+=(const char *str)

This function overloads operator+=().

Appends the string str to this string. The const char pointer is converted to Unicode using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this function by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### QString &QString::operator+=(const QByteArray &ba)

This function overloads operator+=().

Appends the byte array ba to this string. The byte array is converted to Unicode using the fromUtf8() function. If any NUL characters ('\0') are embedded in the ba byte array, they will be included in the transformation.

You can disable this function by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### bool QString::operator<(const char *other) const

Returns `true` if this string is lexically less than string other. Otherwise returns `false`.

This function overloads operator<().

The other const char pointer is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### bool QString::operator<(const QByteArray &other) const

This function overloads operator<().

The other byte array is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function. If any NUL characters ('\0') are embedded in the byte array, they will be included in the transformation.

You can disable this operator QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### bool QString::operator<=(const char *other) const

This function overloads operator<=().

The other const char pointer is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### bool QString::operator<=(const QByteArray &other) const

This function overloads operator<=().

The other byte array is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function. If any NUL characters ('\0') are embedded in the byte array, they will be included in the transformation.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### QString &QString::operator=(QChar ch)

This function overloads operator=().

Sets the string to contain the single character ch.

### QString &QString::operator=(QLatin1StringView str)

This function overloads operator=().

Assigns the Latin-1 string str to this string.

### QString &QString::operator=(const char *str)

This function overloads operator=().

Assigns str to this string. The const char pointer is converted to Unicode using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII or QT_RESTRICTED_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### bool QString::operator==(const char *other) const

This function overloads operator==().

The other const char pointer is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### bool QString::operator==(const QByteArray &other) const

This function overloads operator==().

The other byte array is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

Returns `true` if this string is lexically equal to the parameter string other. Otherwise returns `false`.

### bool QString::operator>(const char *other) const

This function overloads operator>().

The other const char pointer is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### bool QString::operator>(const QByteArray &other) const

This function overloads operator>().

The other byte array is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function. If any NUL characters ('\0') are embedded in the byte array, they will be included in the transformation.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### bool QString::operator>=(const char *other) const

This function overloads operator>=().

The other const char pointer is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### bool QString::operator>=(const QByteArray &other) const

This function overloads operator>=().

The other byte array is converted to a QString using the fromUtf8() function. If any NUL characters ('\0') are embedded in the byte array, they will be included in the transformation.

You can disable this operator by defining QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII when you compile your applications. This can be useful if you want to ensure that all user-visible strings go through QObject::tr(), for example.

### QChar &QString::operator[](qsizetype position)

Returns the character at the specified position in the string as a modifiable reference.

Example:

     QString str;

     if (str[0] == QChar('?'))
         str[0] = QChar('_');

See also at().

### const QChar QString::operator[](qsizetype position) const

This function overloads operator[]().

## Related Non-Members

### `[since 6.1]` template <typename T> qsizetype erase(QString &s, const T &t)

Removes all elements that compare equal to t from the string s. Returns the number of elements removed, if any.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.1.

See also erase_if.

### `[since 6.1]` template <typename Predicate> qsizetype erase_if(QString &s, Predicate pred)

Removes all elements for which the predicate pred returns true from the string s. Returns the number of elements removed, if any.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.1.

See also erase.

### bool operator!=(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)

Returns `true` if string s1 is not equal to string s2; otherwise returns `false`.

See also Comparing Strings.

### bool operator!=(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)

Returns `true` if string s1 is not equal to string s2. Otherwise returns `false`.

This function overloads operator!=().

### bool operator!=(const char *s1, const QString &s2)

Returns `true` if s1 is not equal to s2; otherwise returns `false`.

For s1 != 0, this is equivalent to `compare(` s1, s2 `) != 0`. Note that no string is equal to s1 being 0.

### `[since 6.4]` QString operator""_s(const char16_t *str, size_t size)

Literal operator that creates a QString out of the first size characters in the char16_t string literal str.

The QString is created at compile time, and the generated string data is stored in the read-only segment of the compiled object file. Duplicate literals may share the same read-only memory. This functionality is interchangeable with QStringLiteral, but saves typing when many string literals are present in the code.

The following code creates a QString:

     using namespace Qt::Literals::StringLiterals;

     auto str = u"hello"_s;

This function was introduced in Qt 6.4.

See also Qt::Literals::StringLiterals.

### const QString operator+(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)

Returns a string which is the result of concatenating s1 and s2.

### const QString operator+(const QString &s1, const char *s2)

Returns a string which is the result of concatenating s1 and s2 (s2 is converted to Unicode using the QString::fromUtf8() function).

See also QString::fromUtf8().

### const QString operator+(const char *s1, const QString &s2)

Returns a string which is the result of concatenating s1 and s2 (s1 is converted to Unicode using the QString::fromUtf8() function).

See also QString::fromUtf8().

### bool operator<(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)

This function overloads operator<().

Returns `true` if string s1 is lexically less than string s2; otherwise returns `false`.

See also Comparing Strings.

### bool operator<(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)

This function overloads operator<().

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically less than s2; otherwise returns `false`.

### bool operator<(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2)

This function overloads operator<().

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically less than s2; otherwise returns `false`.

### bool operator<(const char *s1, const QString &s2)

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically less than s2; otherwise returns `false`. For s1 != 0, this is equivalent to `compare(s1, s2) < 0`.

See also Comparing Strings.

### QDataStream &operator<<(QDataStream &stream, const QString &string)

Writes the given string to the specified stream.

See also Serializing Qt Data Types.

### bool operator<=(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)

Returns `true` if string s1 is lexically less than or equal to string s2; otherwise returns `false`.

See also Comparing Strings.

### bool operator<=(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)

This function overloads operator<=().

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically less than or equal to s2; otherwise returns `false`.

### bool operator<=(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2)

This function overloads operator<=().

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically less than or equal to s2; otherwise returns `false`.

### bool operator<=(const char *s1, const QString &s2)

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically less than or equal to s2; otherwise returns `false`. For s1 != 0, this is equivalent to `compare(s1, s2) <= 0`.

See also Comparing Strings.

### bool operator==(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)

This function overloads operator==().

Returns `true` if string s1 is equal to string s2; otherwise returns `false`.

See also Comparing Strings.

### bool operator==(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)

This function overloads operator==().

Returns `true` if s1 is equal to s2; otherwise returns `false`.

### bool operator==(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2)

This function overloads operator==().

Returns `true` if s1 is equal to s2; otherwise returns `false`.

### bool operator==(const char *s1, const QString &s2)

This function overloads operator==().

Returns `true` if s1 is equal to s2; otherwise returns `false`. Note that no string is equal to s1 being 0.

Equivalent to `s1 != 0 && compare(s1, s2) == 0`.

### bool operator>(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)

Returns `true` if string s1 is lexically greater than string s2; otherwise returns `false`.

See also Comparing Strings.

### bool operator>(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)

This function overloads operator>().

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically greater than s2; otherwise returns `false`.

### bool operator>(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2)

This function overloads operator>().

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically greater than s2; otherwise returns `false`.

### bool operator>(const char *s1, const QString &s2)

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically greater than s2; otherwise returns `false`. Equivalent to `compare(s1, s2) > 0`.

See also Comparing Strings.

### bool operator>=(const QString &s1, const QString &s2)

Returns `true` if string s1 is lexically greater than or equal to string s2; otherwise returns `false`.

See also Comparing Strings.

### bool operator>=(const QString &s1, QLatin1StringView s2)

This function overloads operator>=().

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically greater than or equal to s2; otherwise returns `false`.

### bool operator>=(QLatin1StringView s1, const QString &s2)

This function overloads operator>=().

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically greater than or equal to s2; otherwise returns `false`.

### bool operator>=(const char *s1, const QString &s2)

Returns `true` if s1 is lexically greater than or equal to s2; otherwise returns `false`. For s1 != 0, this is equivalent to `compare(s1, s2) >= 0`.

See also Comparing Strings.

### QDataStream &operator>>(QDataStream &stream, QString &string)

Reads a string from the specified stream into the given string.

See also Serializing Qt Data Types.

## Macro Documentation

### QStringLiteral(str)

The macro generates the data for a QString out of the string literal str at compile time. Creating a QString from it is free in this case, and the generated string data is stored in the read-only segment of the compiled object file.

If you have code that looks like this:

     // hasAttribute takes a QString argument
     if (node.hasAttribute("http-contents-length")) //...

then a temporary QString will be created to be passed as the `hasAttribute` function parameter. This can be quite expensive, as it involves a memory allocation and the copy/conversion of the data into QString's internal encoding.

This cost can be avoided by using QStringLiteral instead:

     if (node.hasAttribute(QStringLiteral(u"http-contents-length"))) //...

In this case, QString's internal data will be generated at compile time; no conversion or allocation will occur at runtime.

Using QStringLiteral instead of a double quoted plain C++ string literal can significantly speed up creation of QString instances from data known at compile time.

Note: QLatin1StringView can still be more efficient than QStringLiteral when the string is passed to a function that has an overload taking QLatin1StringView and this overload avoids conversion to QString. For instance, QString::operator==() can compare to a QLatin1StringView directly:

     if (attribute.name() == "http-contents-length"_L1) //...

Note: Some compilers have bugs encoding strings containing characters outside the US-ASCII character set. Make sure you prefix your string with `u` in those cases. It is optional otherwise.

See also QByteArrayLiteral.

### QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII

Disables automatic conversions from 8-bit strings (`char *`) to Unicode QStrings, as well as from 8-bit `char` types (`char` and `unsigned char`) to QChar.

See also QT_NO_CAST_TO_ASCII, QT_RESTRICTED_CAST_FROM_ASCII, and QT_NO_CAST_FROM_BYTEARRAY.

### QT_NO_CAST_TO_ASCII

Disables automatic conversion from QString to 8-bit strings (`char *`).

See also QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII, QT_RESTRICTED_CAST_FROM_ASCII, and QT_NO_CAST_FROM_BYTEARRAY.

### QT_RESTRICTED_CAST_FROM_ASCII

Disables most automatic conversions from source literals and 8-bit data to unicode QStrings, but allows the use of the `QChar(char)` and `QString(const char (&ch)[N]` constructors, and the `QString::operator=(const char (&ch)[N])` assignment operator. This gives most of the type-safety benefits of QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII but does not require user code to wrap character and string literals with QLatin1Char, QLatin1StringView or similar.

Using this macro together with source strings outside the 7-bit range, non-literals, or literals with embedded NUL characters is undefined.

See also QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII and QT_NO_CAST_TO_ASCII.