DBD::File::Developers(3)

NAME
DBD::File::Developers - Developers documentation for DBD::File

SYNOPSIS
    package DBD::myDriver;

    use base qw( DBD::File );

    sub driver {
        ...
        my $drh = $proto->SUPER::driver ($attr);
        ...
        return $drh->{class};
        }

    sub CLONE { ... }

    package DBD::myDriver::dr;

    @ISA = qw( DBD::File::dr );

    sub data_sources { ... }
    ...

    package DBD::myDriver::db;

    @ISA = qw( DBD::File::db );

    sub init_valid_attributes { ... }
    sub init_default_attributes { ... }
    sub set_versions { ... }
    sub validate_STORE_attr { my ($dbh, $attrib, $value) = @_; ... }
    sub validate_FETCH_attr { my ($dbh, $attrib) = @_; ... }
    sub get_myd_versions { ... }

    package DBD::myDriver::st;

    @ISA = qw( DBD::File::st );

    sub FETCH { ... }
    sub STORE { ... }

    package DBD::myDriver::Statement;

    @ISA = qw( DBD::File::Statement );

    package DBD::myDriver::Table;

    @ISA = qw( DBD::File::Table );

    my %reset_on_modify = (
        myd_abc => "myd_foo",
        myd_mno => "myd_bar",
        );
    __PACKAGE__->register_reset_on_modify (\%reset_on_modify);
    my %compat_map = (
        abc => 'foo_abc',
        xyz => 'foo_xyz',
        );
    __PACKAGE__->register_compat_map (\%compat_map);

    sub bootstrap_table_meta { ... }
    sub init_table_meta { ... }
    sub table_meta_attr_changed { ... }
    sub open_data { ... }

    sub fetch_row { ... }
    sub push_row { ... }
    sub push_names { ... }

    # optimize the SQL engine by add one or more of
    sub update_current_row { ... }
    # or
    sub update_specific_row { ... }
    # or
    sub update_one_row { ... }
    # or
    sub insert_new_row { ... }
    # or
    sub delete_current_row { ... }
    # or
    sub delete_one_row { ... }

DESCRIPTION
This document describes how DBD developers can write DBD::File based DBI drivers. It supplements DBI::DBD and DBI::DBD::SqlEngine::Developers, which you should read first.

CLASSES
Each DBI driver must provide a package global "driver" method and three DBI related classes:

DBD::File::dr
    Driver package, contains the methods DBI calls indirectly via DBI interface:

      DBI->connect ('DBI:DBM:', undef, undef, {})

      # invokes
      package DBD::DBM::dr;
      @DBD::DBM::dr::ISA = qw( DBD::File::dr );

      sub connect ($$;$$$) {
          ...
          }

    Similar for "data_sources" and "disconnect_all".

    Pure Perl DBI drivers derived from DBD::File do not usually need to override any of the methods provided through the DBD::XXX::dr package however if you need additional initialization in the connect method you may need to.

DBD::File::db
    Contains the methods which are called through DBI database handles ($dbh). e.g.,

      $sth = $dbh->prepare ("select * from foo");
      # returns the f_encoding setting for table foo
      $dbh->csv_get_meta ("foo", "f_encoding");

    DBD::File provides the typical methods required here. Developers who write DBI drivers based on DBD::File need to override the methods "set_versions" and "init_valid_attributes".

DBD::File::st
    Contains the methods to deal with prepared statement handles. e.g.,

      $sth->execute () or die $sth->errstr;

  DBD::File
This is the main package containing the routines to initialize DBD::File based DBI drivers. Primarily the "DBD::File::driver" method is invoked, either directly from DBI when the driver is initialized or from the derived class.

  package DBD::DBM;

  use base qw( DBD::File );

  sub driver {
      my ($class, $attr) = @_;
      ...
      my $drh = $class->SUPER::driver ($attr);
      ...
      return $drh;
      }

It is not necessary to implement your own driver method as long as additional initialization (e.g. installing more private driver methods) is not required. You do not need to call "setup_driver" as DBD::File takes care of it.

  DBD::File::dr
The driver package contains the methods DBI calls indirectly via the DBI interface (see "DBI Class Methods" in DBI).

DBD::File based DBI drivers usually do not need to implement anything here, it is enough to do the basic initialization:

  package DBD:XXX::dr;

  @DBD::XXX::dr::ISA = qw (DBD::File::dr);
  $DBD::XXX::dr::imp_data_size     = 0;
  $DBD::XXX::dr::data_sources_attr = undef;
  $DBD::XXX::ATTRIBUTION = "DBD::XXX $DBD::XXX::VERSION by Hans Mustermann";

  DBD::File::db
This package defines the database methods, which are called via the DBI database handle $dbh.

Methods provided by DBD::File:

ping
    Simply returns the content of the "Active" attribute. Override when your driver needs more complicated actions here.

prepare
    Prepares a new SQL statement to execute. Returns a statement handle, $sth - instance of the DBD:XXX::st. It is neither required nor recommended to override this method.

FETCH
    Fetches an attribute of a DBI database object. Private handle attributes must have a prefix (this is mandatory). If a requested attribute is detected as a private attribute without a valid prefix, the driver prefix (written as $drv_prefix) is added.

    The driver prefix is extracted from the attribute name and verified against "$dbh->{$drv_prefix . "valid_attrs"}" (when it exists). If the requested attribute value is not listed as a valid attribute, this method croaks. If the attribute is valid and readonly (listed in "$dbh->{ $drv_prefix . "readonly_attrs" }" when it exists), a real copy of the attribute value is returned. So it's not possible to modify "f_valid_attrs" from outside of DBD::File::db or a derived class.

STORE
    Stores a database private attribute. Private handle attributes must have a prefix (this is mandatory). If a requested attribute is detected as a private attribute without a valid prefix, the driver prefix (written as $drv_prefix) is added. If the database handle has an attribute "${drv_prefix}_valid_attrs" - for attribute names which are not listed in that hash, this method croaks. If the database handle has an attribute "${drv_prefix}_readonly_attrs", only attributes which are not listed there can be stored (once they are initialized). Trying to overwrite such an immutable attribute forces this method to croak.

    An example of a valid attributes list can be found in "DBD::File::db::init_valid_attributes".

set_versions
    This method sets the attribute "f_version" with the version of DBD::File.

    This method is called at the begin of the "connect ()" phase.

    When overriding this method, do not forget to invoke the superior one.

init_valid_attributes
    This method is called after the database handle is instantiated as the first attribute initialization.

    "DBD::File::db::init_valid_attributes" initializes the attributes "f_valid_attrs" and "f_readonly_attrs".

    When overriding this method, do not forget to invoke the superior one, preferably before doing anything else. Compatibility table attribute access must be initialized here to allow DBD::File to instantiate the map tie:

        # for DBD::CSV
        $dbh->{csv_meta} = "csv_tables";
        # for DBD::DBM
        $dbh->{dbm_meta} = "dbm_tables";
        # for DBD::AnyData
        $dbh->{ad_meta}  = "ad_tables";

init_default_attributes
    This method is called after the database handle is instantiated to initialize the default attributes.

    "DBD::File::db::init_default_attributes" initializes the attributes "f_dir", "f_meta", "f_meta_map", "f_version".

    When the derived implementor class provides the attribute to validate attributes (e.g. "$dbh->{dbm_valid_attrs} = {...};") or the attribute containing the immutable attributes (e.g. "$dbh->{dbm_readonly_attrs} = {...};"), the attributes "drv_valid_attrs", "drv_readonly_attrs", "drv_version" and "drv_meta" are added (when available) to the list of valid and immutable attributes (where "drv_" is interpreted as the driver prefix).

    If "drv_meta" is set, an attribute with the name in "drv_meta" is initialized providing restricted read/write access to the meta data of the tables using "DBD::File::TieTables" in the first (table) level and "DBD::File::TieMeta" for the meta attribute level. "DBD::File::TieTables" uses "DBD::DRV::Table::get_table_meta" to initialize the second level tied hash on FETCH/STORE. The "DBD::File::TieMeta" class uses "DBD::DRV::Table::get_table_meta_attr" to FETCH attribute values and "DBD::DRV::Table::set_table_meta_attr" to STORE attribute values. This allows it to map meta attributes for compatibility reasons.

get_single_table_meta
get_file_meta
    Retrieve an attribute from a table's meta information. The method signature is "get_file_meta ($dbh, $table, $attr)". This method is called by the injected db handle method "${drv_prefix}get_meta".

    While get_file_meta allows $table or $attr to be a list of tables or attributes to retrieve, get_single_table_meta allows only one table name and only one attribute name. A table name of '.' (single dot) is interpreted as the default table and this will retrieve the appropriate attribute globally from the dbh. This has the same restrictions as "$dbh->{$attrib}".

    get_file_meta allows '+' and '*' as wildcards for table names and $table being a regular expression matching against the table names (evaluated without the default table). The table name '*' is all currently known tables, including the default one. The table name '+' is all table names which conform to ANSI file name restrictions (/^[_A-Za-z0-9]+$/).

    The table meta information is retrieved using the get_table_meta and get_table_meta_attr methods of the table class of the implementation.

set_single_table_meta
set_file_meta
    Sets an attribute in a table's meta information. The method signature is "set_file_meta ($dbh, $table, $attr, $value)". This method is called by the injected db handle method "${drv_prefix}set_meta".

    While set_file_meta allows $table to be a list of tables and $attr to be a hash of several attributes to set, set_single_table_meta allows only one table name and only one attribute name/value pair.

    The wildcard characters for the table name are the same as for get_file_meta.

    The table meta information is updated using the get_table_meta and set_table_meta_attr methods of the table class of the implementation.

clear_file_meta
    Clears all meta information cached about a table. The method signature is "clear_file_meta ($dbh, $table)". This method is called by the injected db handle method "${drv_prefix}clear_meta".

  DBD::File::st
Contains the methods to deal with prepared statement handles:

FETCH
    Fetches statement handle attributes. Supported attributes (for full overview see "Statement Handle Attributes" in DBI) are "NAME", "TYPE", "PRECISION" and "NULLABLE" in case that SQL::Statement is used as SQL execution engine and a statement is successful prepared. When SQL::Statement has additional information about a table, those information are returned. Otherwise, the same defaults as in DBI::DBD::SqlEngine are used.

    This method usually requires extending in a derived implementation. See DBD::CSV or DBD::DBM for some example.

  DBD::File::TableSource::FileSystem
Provides data sources and table information on database driver and database handle level.

  package DBD::File::TableSource::FileSystem;

  sub data_sources ($;$) {
      my ($class, $drh, $attrs) = @_;
      ...
      }

  sub avail_tables {
      my ($class, $drh) = @_;
      ...
      }

The "data_sources" method is called when the user invokes any of the following:

  @ary = DBI->data_sources ($driver);
  @ary = DBI->data_sources ($driver, \%attr);

  @ary = $dbh->data_sources ();
  @ary = $dbh->data_sources (\%attr);

The "avail_tables" method is called when the user invokes any of the following:

  @names = $dbh->tables ($catalog, $schema, $table, $type);

  $sth   = $dbh->table_info ($catalog, $schema, $table, $type);
  $sth   = $dbh->table_info ($catalog, $schema, $table, $type, \%attr);

  $dbh->func ("list_tables");

Every time where an "\%attr" argument can be specified, this "\%attr" object's "sql_table_source" attribute is preferred over the $dbh attribute or the driver default.

  DBD::File::DataSource::Stream
  package DBD::File::DataSource::Stream;

  @DBD::File::DataSource::Stream::ISA = 'DBI::DBD::SqlEngine::DataSource';

  sub complete_table_name {
      my ($self, $meta, $file, $respect_case) = @_;
      ...
      }

Clears all meta attributes identifying a file: "f_fqfn", "f_fqbn" and "f_fqln". The table name is set according to $respect_case and "$meta->{sql_identifier_case}" (SQL_IC_LOWER, SQL_IC_UPPER).

  package DBD::File::DataSource::Stream;

  sub apply_encoding {
      my ($self, $meta, $fn) = @_;
      ...
      }

Applies the encoding from meta information ("$meta->{f_encoding}") to the file handled opened in "open_data".

  package DBD::File::DataSource::Stream;

  sub open_data {
      my ($self, $meta, $attrs, $flags) = @_;
      ...
      }

Opens ("dup (2)") the file handle provided in "$meta->{f_file}".

  package DBD::File::DataSource::Stream;

  sub can_flock { ... }

Returns whether "flock (2)" is available or not (avoids retesting in subclasses).

  DBD::File::DataSource::File
  package DBD::File::DataSource::File;

  sub complete_table_name ($$;$) {
      my ($self, $meta, $table, $respect_case) = @_;
      ...
      }

The method "complete_table_name" tries to map a filename to the associated table name. It is called with a partially filled meta structure for the resulting table containing at least the following attributes: "f_ext", "f_dir", "f_lockfile" and "sql_identifier_case".

If a file/table map can be found then this method sets the "f_fqfn", "f_fqbn", "f_fqln" and "table_name" attributes in the meta structure. If a map cannot be found the table name will be undef.

  package DBD::File::DataSource::File;

  sub open_data ($) {
      my ($self, $meta, $attrs, $flags) = @_;
      ...
      }

Depending on the attributes set in the table's meta data, the following steps are performed. Unless "f_dontopen" is set to a true value, "f_fqfn" must contain the full qualified file name for the table to work on (file2table ensures this). The encoding in "f_encoding" is applied if set and the file is opened. If "<f_fqln "> (full qualified lock name) is set, this file is opened, too. Depending on the value in "f_lock", the appropriate lock is set on the opened data file or lock file.

  DBD::File::Statement
Derives from DBI::SQL::Nano::Statement to provide following method:

open_table
    Implements the open_table method required by SQL::Statement and DBI::SQL::Nano. All the work for opening the file(s) belonging to the table is handled and parametrized in DBD::File::Table. Unless you intend to add anything to the following implementation, an empty DBD::XXX::Statement package satisfies DBD::File.

      sub open_table ($$$$$) {
          my ($self, $data, $table, $createMode, $lockMode) = @_;

          my $class = ref $self;
          $class =~ s/::Statement/::Table/;

          my $flags = {
              createMode => $createMode,
              lockMode   => $lockMode,
              };
          $self->{command} eq "DROP" and $flags->{dropMode} = 1;

          return $class->new ($data, { table => $table }, $flags);
          } # open_table

  DBD::File::Table
Derives from DBI::SQL::Nano::Table and provides physical file access for the table data which are stored in the files.

bootstrap_table_meta
    Initializes a table meta structure. Can be safely overridden in a derived class, as long as the "SUPER" method is called at the end of the overridden method.

    It copies the following attributes from the database into the table meta data "f_dir", "f_ext", "f_encoding", "f_lock", "f_schema" and "f_lockfile" and makes them sticky to the table.

    This method should be called before you attempt to map between file name and table name to ensure the correct directory, extension etc. are used.

init_table_meta
    Initializes more attributes of the table meta data - usually more expensive ones (e.g. those which require class instantiations) - when the file name and the table name could mapped.

get_table_meta
    Returns the table meta data. If there are none for the required table, a new one is initialized. When it fails, nothing is returned. On success, the name of the table and the meta data structure is returned.

get_table_meta_attr
    Returns a single attribute from the table meta data. If the attribute name appears in %compat_map, the attribute name is updated from there.

set_table_meta_attr
    Sets a single attribute in the table meta data. If the attribute name appears in %compat_map, the attribute name is updated from there.

table_meta_attr_changed
    Called when an attribute of the meta data is modified.

    If the modified attribute requires to reset a calculated attribute, the calculated attribute is reset (deleted from meta data structure) and the initialized flag is removed, too. The decision is made based on %register_reset_on_modify.

register_reset_on_modify
    Allows "set_table_meta_attr" to reset meta attributes when special attributes are modified. For DBD::File, modifying one of "f_file", "f_dir", "f_ext" or "f_lockfile" will reset "f_fqfn". DBD::DBM extends the list for "dbm_type" and "dbm_mldbm" to reset the value of "dbm_tietype".

    If your DBD has calculated values in the meta data area, then call "register_reset_on_modify":

      my %reset_on_modify = (xxx_foo => "xxx_bar");
      __PACKAGE__->register_reset_on_modify (\%reset_on_modify);

register_compat_map
    Allows "get_table_meta_attr" and "set_table_meta_attr" to update the attribute name to the current favored one:

      # from DBD::DBM
      my %compat_map = (dbm_ext => "f_ext");
      __PACKAGE__->register_compat_map (\%compat_map);

open_file
    Called to open the table's data file.

    Depending on the attributes set in the table's meta data, the following steps are performed. Unless "f_dontopen" is set to a true value, "f_fqfn" must contain the full qualified file name for the table to work on (file2table ensures this). The encoding in "f_encoding" is applied if set and the file is opened. If "<f_fqln "> (full qualified lock name) is set, this file is opened, too. Depending on the value in "f_lock", the appropriate lock is set on the opened data file or lock file.

    After this is done, a derived class might add more steps in an overridden "open_file" method.

new Instantiates the table. This is done in 3 steps:

     1. get the table meta data
     2. open the data file
     3. bless the table data structure using inherited constructor new

    It is not recommended to override the constructor of the table class. Find a reasonable place to add you extensions in one of the above four methods.

drop
    Implements the abstract table method for the "DROP" command. Discards table meta data after all files belonging to the table are closed and unlinked.

    Overriding this method might be reasonable in very rare cases.

seek
    Implements the abstract table method used when accessing the table from the engine. "seek" is called every time the engine uses dumb algorithms for iterating over the table content.

truncate
    Implements the abstract table method used when dumb table algorithms for "UPDATE" or "DELETE" need to truncate the table storage after the last written row.

You should consult the documentation of "SQL::Eval::Table" (see SQL::Eval) to get more information about the abstract methods of the table's base class you have to override and a description of the table meta information expected by the SQL engines.

AUTHOR
The module DBD::File is currently maintained by

H.Merijn Brand < hmbrand at cpan.org > and Jens Rehsack < rehsack at googlemail.com >

The original author is Jochen Wiedmann.

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright (C) 2010-2026 by H.Merijn Brand & Jens Rehsack

All rights reserved.

You may freely distribute and/or modify this module under the terms of either the GNU General Public License (GPL) or the Artistic License, as specified in the Perl README file.